NR 507 ALL YOU NEED (WELL
EXPLAINED AND SIMPLIFIED
SUMMARY GOOD FOR FINAL EXAM
REVISION)
aleolar ventilation perfusion
The volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of
the body permanent
pityriasis rosea
A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at any
age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be
caused by a virus
pityriasis rosea observation
The rash often begins with a single, round or oval, pink
patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald patch). The
size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9
in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks
later, salmon-colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval
patches appear in batches on the abdomen, chest, back,
arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread to the neck
but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form
a "Christmas tree" or "fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who
get the rash.
,The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to
several months.
pityriasis rosea diagnosis
Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by looking at the
rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only the herald patch is
visible, because the condition is often mistaken for
ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears,
diagnosis is generally clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a
potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to make sure the rash is
not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be
taken from the infected area and examined under the
microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis is unclear in a
sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done.
pityriasis rosea treatment
There is no treatment necessary. It will last for several
weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid may
be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
Innate immunity
The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance. In outer
layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and
mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most
environmental hazards and resistant infection with disease
causing microorganisms. If the barrier is damaged a highly
efficient local and systemic response (inflammation) is
mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect against
infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
Adaptive immunity
Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an
adaptive process that results in a long-term and very
,effective immunity to the infecting microorganism,
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has
memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second
infection with a particular disease-causing microorganism.
The information presented in this chapter introduces
Inflammatory response
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural
barriers and inflammation (Table 7-1). Natural barriers are
physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the
body's surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent
damage by substances in the environment and thwart
infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the surface
barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the
inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body
from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue,
and promote healing. The inflammatory response is a
rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes that
is relatively nonspecific, with similar responses being
initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue
damage.
Overview of human defenses
CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level
of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue
injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune
system signals the cells of adaptive immunity Timing of
defense
Constant Immediate response
, Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum
response; immediate against secondary exposure to
antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial
cells Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK)
cells, platelets, endothelial cells T lymphocytes, B
lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No
memory involved No memory involved Specific
immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides
Defensins, cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial
toxins Complement, clotting factors, kinins Antibodies,
complement Protection Protection includes anatomic
barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and
secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., lysozymes, low pH
of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity Protection
includes vascular responses, cellular components (e.g.,
mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages), secretory
molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B
lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies
Inflammatory response upon injury
Is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent
infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing.
Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical
and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with
similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of
causes of tissue damage.
Types of anemia
EXPLAINED AND SIMPLIFIED
SUMMARY GOOD FOR FINAL EXAM
REVISION)
aleolar ventilation perfusion
The volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of
the body permanent
pityriasis rosea
A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at any
age that most often in ages of 10 and 35. It may be
caused by a virus
pityriasis rosea observation
The rash often begins with a single, round or oval, pink
patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald patch). The
size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm (3.9
in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks
later, salmon-colored, 1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval
patches appear in batches on the abdomen, chest, back,
arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread to the neck
but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form
a "Christmas tree" or "fir tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who
get the rash.
,The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to
several months.
pityriasis rosea diagnosis
Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by looking at the
rash. Diagnosis can be hard when only the herald patch is
visible, because the condition is often mistaken for
ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears,
diagnosis is generally clear.
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a
potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to make sure the rash is
not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be
taken from the infected area and examined under the
microscope (biopsy). If the diagnosis is unclear in a
sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done.
pityriasis rosea treatment
There is no treatment necessary. It will last for several
weeks. The patient may use lotions. A corticosteroid may
be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
Innate immunity
The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance. In outer
layer specialized epithelium, including the skin and
mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most
environmental hazards and resistant infection with disease
causing microorganisms. If the barrier is damaged a highly
efficient local and systemic response (inflammation) is
mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect against
infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
Adaptive immunity
Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an
adaptive process that results in a long-term and very
,effective immunity to the infecting microorganism,
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has
memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second
infection with a particular disease-causing microorganism.
The information presented in this chapter introduces
Inflammatory response
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural
barriers and inflammation (Table 7-1). Natural barriers are
physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the
body's surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent
damage by substances in the environment and thwart
infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the surface
barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the
inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body
from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue,
and promote healing. The inflammatory response is a
rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes that
is relatively nonspecific, with similar responses being
initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue
damage.
Overview of human defenses
CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level
of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue
injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune
system signals the cells of adaptive immunity Timing of
defense
Constant Immediate response
, Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum
response; immediate against secondary exposure to
antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial
cells Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK)
cells, platelets, endothelial cells T lymphocytes, B
lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No
memory involved No memory involved Specific
immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides
Defensins, cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial
toxins Complement, clotting factors, kinins Antibodies,
complement Protection Protection includes anatomic
barriers (i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells and
secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., lysozymes, low pH
of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity Protection
includes vascular responses, cellular components (e.g.,
mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages), secretory
molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein
systems Protection includes activated T and B
lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies
Inflammatory response upon injury
Is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent
infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing.
Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical
and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with
similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of
causes of tissue damage.
Types of anemia
