NR507 FINAL EXAM REVISION
SUMMARY ACCOMPANIED BY
EXPECTED QUESTIONS AND THEIR
CORRECT ANSWERS
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures:
-wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire
cerebral cortex
-occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy
-excessive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves
through the brain.
Generalized tonic seizures:
this seizure is characterized by unconsciousness and
muscle rigidity.
Post-ictal phase
(lasts one to two hours): characterized by confusion,
unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
-Following the post-ictal state, there will be a return to
normal state of consciousness
Clonic phase
(lasts one minute): continuous discharge of neurons gets
interrupted.
-characterized by small durations of relaxation, occur
because of inhibitory mechanisms of the brain to try to
control the wide-spread neuronal activity
-patient will exhibit spasms and jerking, perceived as
violent shaking of muscles.
,Generalized clonic seizures:
this seizure is characterized by muscle spasms.
Generalized absence seizure:
-common in children
-caused by a genetic abnormality
-characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness
without muscle tone
-last for only a few seconds
-no associated post-ictal confusion.
Wide variety of options available, is based on needs of
the patient
Anticonvulsants
Removes the cause of the seizure
Surgery
Ketogenic diet
Produces energy other than glucose to be used by the
brain
Nerve stimulation
Controls the seizure by influencing neurotransmitter
release
An individual having a focal seizure without
dyscognitive features will _______
have no impairment of consciousness
Febrile seizures most often ___________ medication
as they ___________.
do not need, resolve on their own.
Tonic-clonic phase results in:
1. The muscles of the body become contracted. without
any relaxation.
2. Loss of consciousness.
3. Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic
, contractions of the laryngeal muscles and muscles of
expiration.
4. Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
5. Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause
tongue biting.
6. Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause
increased heart rate and blood pressure
Tonic-clonic phase lasts __________
10-20 seconds
Tonic-clonic phase is due to __________________
the excessive discharge of neurons in the motor nerves
Underlying cause of BPH
5delta-reductace activity increases with age
-increases dihydrotestosterone levels
-normal prostate cells respond to the increase in
dihydrotestosterone levels by living longer and multiplying
acute kidney injury/acute renal failure
sudden loss of kidney function
Reversible
S/S:
-oliguria (<30mL/hr)
-increased BUN & creatinine
-fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
Prerenal
Most common type of Acute Renal Failure
Sudden & severe drop in BP (shock) or interruption of
blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness
-causes: hypotension, decreased CO, decreased blood
volume
Intrarenal (intrinsic)
SUMMARY ACCOMPANIED BY
EXPECTED QUESTIONS AND THEIR
CORRECT ANSWERS
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures:
-wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire
cerebral cortex
-occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy
-excessive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves
through the brain.
Generalized tonic seizures:
this seizure is characterized by unconsciousness and
muscle rigidity.
Post-ictal phase
(lasts one to two hours): characterized by confusion,
unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
-Following the post-ictal state, there will be a return to
normal state of consciousness
Clonic phase
(lasts one minute): continuous discharge of neurons gets
interrupted.
-characterized by small durations of relaxation, occur
because of inhibitory mechanisms of the brain to try to
control the wide-spread neuronal activity
-patient will exhibit spasms and jerking, perceived as
violent shaking of muscles.
,Generalized clonic seizures:
this seizure is characterized by muscle spasms.
Generalized absence seizure:
-common in children
-caused by a genetic abnormality
-characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness
without muscle tone
-last for only a few seconds
-no associated post-ictal confusion.
Wide variety of options available, is based on needs of
the patient
Anticonvulsants
Removes the cause of the seizure
Surgery
Ketogenic diet
Produces energy other than glucose to be used by the
brain
Nerve stimulation
Controls the seizure by influencing neurotransmitter
release
An individual having a focal seizure without
dyscognitive features will _______
have no impairment of consciousness
Febrile seizures most often ___________ medication
as they ___________.
do not need, resolve on their own.
Tonic-clonic phase results in:
1. The muscles of the body become contracted. without
any relaxation.
2. Loss of consciousness.
3. Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic
, contractions of the laryngeal muscles and muscles of
expiration.
4. Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
5. Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause
tongue biting.
6. Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause
increased heart rate and blood pressure
Tonic-clonic phase lasts __________
10-20 seconds
Tonic-clonic phase is due to __________________
the excessive discharge of neurons in the motor nerves
Underlying cause of BPH
5delta-reductace activity increases with age
-increases dihydrotestosterone levels
-normal prostate cells respond to the increase in
dihydrotestosterone levels by living longer and multiplying
acute kidney injury/acute renal failure
sudden loss of kidney function
Reversible
S/S:
-oliguria (<30mL/hr)
-increased BUN & creatinine
-fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
Prerenal
Most common type of Acute Renal Failure
Sudden & severe drop in BP (shock) or interruption of
blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness
-causes: hypotension, decreased CO, decreased blood
volume
Intrarenal (intrinsic)
