ARDMS ABDOMINAL SONOGRAPHY EXAM |
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | LATEST VERSION | VERIFIED
ANSWERS
What are the two complications of cryptorchidism? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------infertility and cancer. infertility results from
pathologic changes that develop in both the undescended and contralateral
normal testis after the age of one year. the risk of malignancy is increased
in both the undescended testis after orchiopexy, and the normally
descended testis
What are the symptoms of acute appendicitis? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------patients with acute appendicitis present with
periumbilical pain, leukocytosis, fever, and right lower quadrant pain with
rebound tenderness
How does acute appendicitis develop? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------
-------acute appendicitis develops from the obstruction of the appendiceal
lumen. mucosal secretions increase the intraluminal pressure, and
compromise venous return. the mucosa becomes hypoxic and ulcerates.
bacterial infection leads to gangrene and perforation
What are the sonographic signs of an inflamed appendix? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------greater than 6 mm in diameter, or an
appendicolith, is highly suggestive of acute appendicitis
What are the symptoms of acute diverticulitis? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------acute diverticulitis is associated with the
presentation of left lower quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis.
,What are the sonographic signs of acute diverticulitis? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------thickened bowel, or abscess formation in the LLQ, is
highly suggestive of acute diverticulitis.
What is a target or pseudokidney sign? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------
--------a target or pseudokidney sign describes abnormal bowel wall
thickening. this appears as a hypoechoic external rim representing the
thickened intestinal wall and an echogenic center relating to the residual
gut lumen or mucosal ulceration
What are the symptoms of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is characterized by
hypertrophy of the circular pyloric muscle, resulting in elongation and
constriction of the intestines between the stomach and the first portion of
the duodenum. neonates present with projectile vomiting, and a palpable
"olive-like" abdominal mass
What are the sonographic criteria for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pyloric muscle thickness> 4 mm
pyloric channel length > 1.2 cm
pyloric cross section > 1.5 cm
An intussusception is the most common cause of obstruction in infants.
what are the symptoms of an intussusception? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------clinical findings of crampy intermittent abdominal
pain, vomiting, and the passage of blood through the rectum, are classic
symptoms of an intussusception.
,What is the sonographic appearance of an intussusception? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------an intussusception usually presents as
an oval, pseudokidney mass, with central echoes on longitudinal imaging,
and a sonolucent doughnut or target configuration on cross-sectional
imaging
Name the four zones of the prostate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------
----peripheral zone
transition zone
central zone
fibromuscular stroma
What zone of the prostate is the source of most prostate cancers? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the peripheral zone is the location for
approx. 70% of all prostate cancers. the classic appearance of prostate
cancer on ultrasound is a hypoechoic, peripherally-oriented lesion
What zone of the prostate is not affected by cancer? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------the fibromuscular stroma is a non-glandular, anterior
portion of the prostate. therefore, it is not affected by cancer, prostatitis, or
hyperplasia
Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) ---------CORRECT ANSWER--
---------------enlargement of the inner gland. BPH priginates exclusively from
the inner gland. 95% of all BPH arises in the transition zone, and only 5%
form the periurethral glands or tissue
What common sonographic artifact is demonstrated with renal
angiomyolipoma, hepatic lipoma, and adrenal myelolipoma? ---------
, CORRECT ANSWER-----------------all fat containing tumors have the ability
to create a propagation speed artifact. this common sonographic finding is
created because sound travels slower in fat than in soft tissue. thus, a
sound pulse in a fat containing tumor is delayed and objects that are
behind the tumor are artifactually placed further from the transducer.
What mass should be suspected when a filling defect is noted in the
bladder? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the majority of
transitional cell carcinomas arise in the bladder. other bladder masses,
such as, blood clots or fungal balls have a similar sonographic appearance
What is the most common childhood renal tumor? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Wilm's Tumor (nephroblastoma) is the most
common renal tumor in children. the mean age at diagnosis is 3.5 years
What are the ultrasound findings associated with significant acute
pyelonephritis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ultrasound
findings associated with acute pyelonephritis include:
renal enlargement
hypoechoic parenchyma
absence of sinus echoes
What is pyonephrosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the
presence of pus in a dilated renal collecting system, secondary to infected
hydronephrosis.
What are the three sonographic features of pyonephrosis? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. dependent echoes within a dilated
pelvocaliceal system
2. shifting urine-debris level
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | LATEST VERSION | VERIFIED
ANSWERS
What are the two complications of cryptorchidism? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------infertility and cancer. infertility results from
pathologic changes that develop in both the undescended and contralateral
normal testis after the age of one year. the risk of malignancy is increased
in both the undescended testis after orchiopexy, and the normally
descended testis
What are the symptoms of acute appendicitis? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------patients with acute appendicitis present with
periumbilical pain, leukocytosis, fever, and right lower quadrant pain with
rebound tenderness
How does acute appendicitis develop? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------
-------acute appendicitis develops from the obstruction of the appendiceal
lumen. mucosal secretions increase the intraluminal pressure, and
compromise venous return. the mucosa becomes hypoxic and ulcerates.
bacterial infection leads to gangrene and perforation
What are the sonographic signs of an inflamed appendix? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------greater than 6 mm in diameter, or an
appendicolith, is highly suggestive of acute appendicitis
What are the symptoms of acute diverticulitis? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------acute diverticulitis is associated with the
presentation of left lower quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis.
,What are the sonographic signs of acute diverticulitis? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------thickened bowel, or abscess formation in the LLQ, is
highly suggestive of acute diverticulitis.
What is a target or pseudokidney sign? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------
--------a target or pseudokidney sign describes abnormal bowel wall
thickening. this appears as a hypoechoic external rim representing the
thickened intestinal wall and an echogenic center relating to the residual
gut lumen or mucosal ulceration
What are the symptoms of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is characterized by
hypertrophy of the circular pyloric muscle, resulting in elongation and
constriction of the intestines between the stomach and the first portion of
the duodenum. neonates present with projectile vomiting, and a palpable
"olive-like" abdominal mass
What are the sonographic criteria for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pyloric muscle thickness> 4 mm
pyloric channel length > 1.2 cm
pyloric cross section > 1.5 cm
An intussusception is the most common cause of obstruction in infants.
what are the symptoms of an intussusception? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------clinical findings of crampy intermittent abdominal
pain, vomiting, and the passage of blood through the rectum, are classic
symptoms of an intussusception.
,What is the sonographic appearance of an intussusception? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------an intussusception usually presents as
an oval, pseudokidney mass, with central echoes on longitudinal imaging,
and a sonolucent doughnut or target configuration on cross-sectional
imaging
Name the four zones of the prostate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------
----peripheral zone
transition zone
central zone
fibromuscular stroma
What zone of the prostate is the source of most prostate cancers? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the peripheral zone is the location for
approx. 70% of all prostate cancers. the classic appearance of prostate
cancer on ultrasound is a hypoechoic, peripherally-oriented lesion
What zone of the prostate is not affected by cancer? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------the fibromuscular stroma is a non-glandular, anterior
portion of the prostate. therefore, it is not affected by cancer, prostatitis, or
hyperplasia
Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) ---------CORRECT ANSWER--
---------------enlargement of the inner gland. BPH priginates exclusively from
the inner gland. 95% of all BPH arises in the transition zone, and only 5%
form the periurethral glands or tissue
What common sonographic artifact is demonstrated with renal
angiomyolipoma, hepatic lipoma, and adrenal myelolipoma? ---------
, CORRECT ANSWER-----------------all fat containing tumors have the ability
to create a propagation speed artifact. this common sonographic finding is
created because sound travels slower in fat than in soft tissue. thus, a
sound pulse in a fat containing tumor is delayed and objects that are
behind the tumor are artifactually placed further from the transducer.
What mass should be suspected when a filling defect is noted in the
bladder? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the majority of
transitional cell carcinomas arise in the bladder. other bladder masses,
such as, blood clots or fungal balls have a similar sonographic appearance
What is the most common childhood renal tumor? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Wilm's Tumor (nephroblastoma) is the most
common renal tumor in children. the mean age at diagnosis is 3.5 years
What are the ultrasound findings associated with significant acute
pyelonephritis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ultrasound
findings associated with acute pyelonephritis include:
renal enlargement
hypoechoic parenchyma
absence of sinus echoes
What is pyonephrosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the
presence of pus in a dilated renal collecting system, secondary to infected
hydronephrosis.
What are the three sonographic features of pyonephrosis? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. dependent echoes within a dilated
pelvocaliceal system
2. shifting urine-debris level
