Advanced- Pathophysiology// Midterm
6501 Walden University exam
Pheochromocytoma
- CORRECT ANSWER a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to
secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine, and dopa) leading to
high BP, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack.
diabetic ketoacidosis
- CORRECT ANSWER acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies
produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat (triglycerides and
amino acids instead of glucose) for energy
hyperglycemia
hyperketonemia
metabolic acidosis
occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus
cerebral, coma
- CORRECT ANSWER DKA causes nausea, vomiting, and abd pain and can progress
to __ edema, __ and death
deficiency
- CORRECT ANSWER DKA: hyperglycemia d/t insulin ___ causes an osmotic diuresis
leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes
urinary excretion of ketones leads to additional loss of sodium and potassium
inflammation
- CORRECT ANSWER Pericarditis is ___ of the pericardium, often with fluid
accumulation in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion)
cardiac tamponade
- CORRECT ANSWER acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in
the pericardial cavity--> impairs cardiac filling leading to low cardiac output.
infective endocarditis
- CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of endothelium that lines heart and cardiac valves.
most commonly damages mitral valve, then aortic and tricuspid valves. commonly
caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body. can also occur after an
invasive medical or dental procedure. symptoms: valvular dysfunction, may affect organ
systems, chest pain, CHF, clubbing, meningitis, low back pain, arthralgia, arthritis
, myocarditis
- CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the myocardium with necrosis of cardiac
myocytes
biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with lymphocytes, neutrophils,
eosinophils, and granulomas
direct cardiomyocyte injury cased by an infectious or other cardiotoxic agent OR
myocardial injury caused by an autoimmune reaction to an infectious or cardiotoxic
agent
aortic regurgitation
- CORRECT ANSWER (aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows
backward flow of blood from the aorta into left ventricle during diastole
aortic stenosis
- CORRECT ANSWER calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of
blood during systole
narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the
ascending aorta during systole
mitral regurgitation
- CORRECT ANSWER mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation
of blood from the left ventricle back into left atrium during systole
mitral stenosis
- CORRECT ANSWER narrowing of the mitral valve orifice that impedes blood flow
from the left atrium to the left vetricle
mitral valve prolapses
- CORRECT ANSWER Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and
lower left chambers.
billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole
pulmonic regurgitation
- CORRECT ANSWER pulmonic insufficiency; backflow of blood through incompetent
pulmonic valve into the right ventricle
causes blood from from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole
pulmonic stenosis
- CORRECT ANSWER narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the
pulmonary artery and right ventricle
6501 Walden University exam
Pheochromocytoma
- CORRECT ANSWER a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to
secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine, and dopa) leading to
high BP, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack.
diabetic ketoacidosis
- CORRECT ANSWER acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies
produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat (triglycerides and
amino acids instead of glucose) for energy
hyperglycemia
hyperketonemia
metabolic acidosis
occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus
cerebral, coma
- CORRECT ANSWER DKA causes nausea, vomiting, and abd pain and can progress
to __ edema, __ and death
deficiency
- CORRECT ANSWER DKA: hyperglycemia d/t insulin ___ causes an osmotic diuresis
leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes
urinary excretion of ketones leads to additional loss of sodium and potassium
inflammation
- CORRECT ANSWER Pericarditis is ___ of the pericardium, often with fluid
accumulation in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion)
cardiac tamponade
- CORRECT ANSWER acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in
the pericardial cavity--> impairs cardiac filling leading to low cardiac output.
infective endocarditis
- CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of endothelium that lines heart and cardiac valves.
most commonly damages mitral valve, then aortic and tricuspid valves. commonly
caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body. can also occur after an
invasive medical or dental procedure. symptoms: valvular dysfunction, may affect organ
systems, chest pain, CHF, clubbing, meningitis, low back pain, arthralgia, arthritis
, myocarditis
- CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the myocardium with necrosis of cardiac
myocytes
biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with lymphocytes, neutrophils,
eosinophils, and granulomas
direct cardiomyocyte injury cased by an infectious or other cardiotoxic agent OR
myocardial injury caused by an autoimmune reaction to an infectious or cardiotoxic
agent
aortic regurgitation
- CORRECT ANSWER (aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows
backward flow of blood from the aorta into left ventricle during diastole
aortic stenosis
- CORRECT ANSWER calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of
blood during systole
narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the
ascending aorta during systole
mitral regurgitation
- CORRECT ANSWER mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation
of blood from the left ventricle back into left atrium during systole
mitral stenosis
- CORRECT ANSWER narrowing of the mitral valve orifice that impedes blood flow
from the left atrium to the left vetricle
mitral valve prolapses
- CORRECT ANSWER Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and
lower left chambers.
billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole
pulmonic regurgitation
- CORRECT ANSWER pulmonic insufficiency; backflow of blood through incompetent
pulmonic valve into the right ventricle
causes blood from from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole
pulmonic stenosis
- CORRECT ANSWER narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the
pulmonary artery and right ventricle
