Chapter 14 Biostatistics rx prep + PNN
combined
What is biostatistics? - answersUsing statistics to understand the effects of drugs and
medical procedures on people and animals.
What is the purpose of peer review? - answers-Assess design and methods of research
-Assess the value of the results and conclusions
-Determine how well the manuscript is written
-Determine appropriateness for the readership of the journal
What portion of a clinical trial provides a brief summary of the article? - answersAbstract
What information may be found in the introduction of an article? (3) - answers-
Hypothesis
-Background Information
-Disease History/Prevalence
Which section of an article describes the variables, outcomes, and statistical methods
used to analyze the data? - answersMethods
Which section of an article is most likely to contain figures, tables, and graphs? -
answersResults
What information is provided in the conclusion of an article? (2) - answers-Interpretation
of results
-Implications for current practice
What are the two umbrellas of data? - answers1) Continuous data (RIC)= has to be
measured
2) Discrete (Catagorical) data (NOD)= can be counted
Continuous data - answers- measured ... decimal points involved
-data consists of values which continually increase/decrease by the same amount
- use of decimals allows for an infinite number of possible values
- most measured values: labs, ht, wt, drug concentration, distance, growth time,
distance
- can draw a line graph
,Discrete data - answers-non-parametric
-countable numbers with NO DECIMALS (cannot be divided) just whole numbers
- the number of people in a certain group or with a certain outcome, easy to count
- discrete data comes in WHOLE numbers and can be counted
What are the 2 types of continuous data? - answersRatio
Interval
Which type of continuous data allows for negative values and has no meaningful zero? -
answersInterval data
- measurable data
-Ex: C and F temperature
What type of continuous data will not decrease below zero and has a meaningful 0? -
answersRatio data
-Ex: age, height, weight, time, BP, HR
- zero weight does not actually mean "no wt"
What are the types of discrete data? (2) - answersNominal
Ordinal
Which type of discrete data is commonly referred to as "yes/no" data? -
answersNominal data
-Ex: gender, ethnicity, marital status, mortality
-"NO"minal data is yes/no data
-assigning data to different categories based on the occurrence of an outcome
- Ex: people who had MI and people who did not (YES OR NO)
or based on certain characteristics (race, gender)
What type of data is ranked and has a logical order, but each rank does not increase by
the same amount? - answersOrdinal data
-Ex: NYHA Functional Class 1-IV, 0-10 pain scale
True or False: When comparing ranks on an ordinal pain scale, a rank of 4 indicates
that pain is 4x greater than a rank of 1. - answersFalse - the difference between
categories is not equal
What are the Measures of Central Tendency? (3) - answersMean
Median
Mode
Which measure of central tendency is used to describe averages? - answersMean
, - preferred for continuous data
Which measure of central tendency is used to describe the central most value when
numerically ranked? - answersMedian
- preferred for ordinal data and continuous data that is skewed
Which measure of central tendency is used to describe the point of most frequent
occurrence? - answersMode
- preferred for nominal data
When is mean the preferred measure of central tendency? - answersNormally
Distributed Continuous Data
What two methods may be used to describe the variability of data? - answers-Range
-Standard Deviation
What is Range? - answersThe difference between the highest and lowest values
What is indicated by the Standard Deviation (SD)? (2) - answers-Degree of data
dispersal away from the mean
-Spread of data
- 1SD= 68%
- 2 SD= 95%
True or False: The larger the standard deviation, the more highly dispersed the data is. -
answersTrue
What is a Guassian (Normal) distribution? - answersNormal, bell-shaped curve
True or False: The word "symmetrical" may be used to describe a Gaussian distribution.
- answersTrue
True or False: When the distribution of data points is normal, the mean, median, and
mode are all equal. - answersTrue - they would be found at the center of the curve
For a normal distribution curve, what percentage of the values fall within 1 SD of the
mean? - answers68%
For a normal distribution curve, what percentage of the values fall within 2 SD of the
mean? - answers95%
For a normal distribution curve, what percentage of the values fall within 3 SD of the
mean? - answers99.7%
True or False: As the range of data narrows, the bell-curve becomes taller and skinnier.
- answersTrue
combined
What is biostatistics? - answersUsing statistics to understand the effects of drugs and
medical procedures on people and animals.
What is the purpose of peer review? - answers-Assess design and methods of research
-Assess the value of the results and conclusions
-Determine how well the manuscript is written
-Determine appropriateness for the readership of the journal
What portion of a clinical trial provides a brief summary of the article? - answersAbstract
What information may be found in the introduction of an article? (3) - answers-
Hypothesis
-Background Information
-Disease History/Prevalence
Which section of an article describes the variables, outcomes, and statistical methods
used to analyze the data? - answersMethods
Which section of an article is most likely to contain figures, tables, and graphs? -
answersResults
What information is provided in the conclusion of an article? (2) - answers-Interpretation
of results
-Implications for current practice
What are the two umbrellas of data? - answers1) Continuous data (RIC)= has to be
measured
2) Discrete (Catagorical) data (NOD)= can be counted
Continuous data - answers- measured ... decimal points involved
-data consists of values which continually increase/decrease by the same amount
- use of decimals allows for an infinite number of possible values
- most measured values: labs, ht, wt, drug concentration, distance, growth time,
distance
- can draw a line graph
,Discrete data - answers-non-parametric
-countable numbers with NO DECIMALS (cannot be divided) just whole numbers
- the number of people in a certain group or with a certain outcome, easy to count
- discrete data comes in WHOLE numbers and can be counted
What are the 2 types of continuous data? - answersRatio
Interval
Which type of continuous data allows for negative values and has no meaningful zero? -
answersInterval data
- measurable data
-Ex: C and F temperature
What type of continuous data will not decrease below zero and has a meaningful 0? -
answersRatio data
-Ex: age, height, weight, time, BP, HR
- zero weight does not actually mean "no wt"
What are the types of discrete data? (2) - answersNominal
Ordinal
Which type of discrete data is commonly referred to as "yes/no" data? -
answersNominal data
-Ex: gender, ethnicity, marital status, mortality
-"NO"minal data is yes/no data
-assigning data to different categories based on the occurrence of an outcome
- Ex: people who had MI and people who did not (YES OR NO)
or based on certain characteristics (race, gender)
What type of data is ranked and has a logical order, but each rank does not increase by
the same amount? - answersOrdinal data
-Ex: NYHA Functional Class 1-IV, 0-10 pain scale
True or False: When comparing ranks on an ordinal pain scale, a rank of 4 indicates
that pain is 4x greater than a rank of 1. - answersFalse - the difference between
categories is not equal
What are the Measures of Central Tendency? (3) - answersMean
Median
Mode
Which measure of central tendency is used to describe averages? - answersMean
, - preferred for continuous data
Which measure of central tendency is used to describe the central most value when
numerically ranked? - answersMedian
- preferred for ordinal data and continuous data that is skewed
Which measure of central tendency is used to describe the point of most frequent
occurrence? - answersMode
- preferred for nominal data
When is mean the preferred measure of central tendency? - answersNormally
Distributed Continuous Data
What two methods may be used to describe the variability of data? - answers-Range
-Standard Deviation
What is Range? - answersThe difference between the highest and lowest values
What is indicated by the Standard Deviation (SD)? (2) - answers-Degree of data
dispersal away from the mean
-Spread of data
- 1SD= 68%
- 2 SD= 95%
True or False: The larger the standard deviation, the more highly dispersed the data is. -
answersTrue
What is a Guassian (Normal) distribution? - answersNormal, bell-shaped curve
True or False: The word "symmetrical" may be used to describe a Gaussian distribution.
- answersTrue
True or False: When the distribution of data points is normal, the mean, median, and
mode are all equal. - answersTrue - they would be found at the center of the curve
For a normal distribution curve, what percentage of the values fall within 1 SD of the
mean? - answers68%
For a normal distribution curve, what percentage of the values fall within 2 SD of the
mean? - answers95%
For a normal distribution curve, what percentage of the values fall within 3 SD of the
mean? - answers99.7%
True or False: As the range of data narrows, the bell-curve becomes taller and skinnier.
- answersTrue
