Minor
Hot topics in neurology and psychiatry
Week 1
Introduction 3
Crisis and forensic child 4
Development CNS 5
Sleep and narcolepsy 11
Normal development 13
Research in pediatrics 16
Cerebral palsy 19
Neuro-infection I 21
Neuro-infection II 21
COVID-19 and the brain 21
Week 2
Gender 24
Delirium 28
Somatic complaints 31
Medical psychology 32
DREAMS 34
Mental competence 34
Week 3
Suicidal behavior 34
MS I 37
MS II 39
MS III 45
Stem cell research 46
Basics of MRI 48
Week 4
Crisis adolescent 50
Child & murder 51
Techniques in histopathology 52
Week 5
Trauma 59
Child maltreatment 62
Child maltreatment: research 64
The BBB 65
Neuroradiology MS 70
Patient interview 73
Diagnostics 73
Week 6
Forensic child 74
Forensic treatment 76
Closed forensic settings 76
Research MRI 78
Cognition 80
1
,Week 7
DBD girls 81
Antisocial teenage mothers 82
Models of neurological disorders 83
Precision psychiatry 84
Magnetoencephalography 84
Networks in psychiatry 86
Neuro-oncology 87
Week 8
Neurobiology of delinquent behavior 92
DBD imaging 93
DBD genetics 94
Juvenile justice system 96
How to judge 97
Models of psychiatric disorders 97
2
,Lecture 1 general introduction pediatric and adult neurology
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Histopathology
• Brown circles in white tissue of the brain
• Multiple sclerotic plaques
• Myeline turns brown because of the chemicals
In the CNS oligodendrocytes make myelin, in the peripheral
nervous system myelin is created by different cells (Schwann
cells)
MS only affects the CNS
Some cranial nerves are peripheral so they are not affected by
MS -> the symptoms can make it easier to differ between
diagnosis
Immune cells (black dots) are in the brain in high quantities and attack the myelin -> this stops at a
certain point -> remission -> after a few years a new attack can happen
MRI
Only the big lesions are colored white on the scan, the small ones are invisible
Other diseases can show the same kind of lesions but in other places and other shapes
Lesions can also occur in the spinal cord
• Patients with many lesions do not have to be severely impaired
• Patients with few lesions can be severely impaired
Male patients often respond more
heavily to the lesions and have more
atrophy of the brain
Some regions of the brain are connected
to many other regions -> if you have
lesions here it can have a bigger effect
Thalamus is central region and
connected to a lot of other regions -> if
one region has a lesion and is affected
-> this specific region in the thalamus
will shrink
If regions are damaged the brain doesn’t
shut down immediately but it changes
and makes sure there still will be a connection
3
, The network collapse
In early stages of MS, structural damage is low, leaving network efficiency relatively high -> as the
structural damage accumulates over time, network efficiency levels drop, inducing a network
collapse after a critical threshold (indicated by the dotted line) is exceeded -> after this, the
network is unable to function normally and cognitive impairment develops
Lecture 2 crisis and forensic child and adolescent psychiatry
Key of a psychiatric disorder is dysfunctioning
- At school, at home with family, with friends
—> only single symptoms is not a disorder -> dependent on environment
A mental disorder is dimensional, subject to societal changes and subject to change through new
knowledge
Internalising mental disorder
• Inward/affective
- Depression, anxiety, PTSD
Externalising mental disorder
• Outward/behavioral
- ADHD, aggression, disruptive behavior disorders
Autism spectrum disorders - social/communication
Four main themes in this minor
1. Psychosomatic problems
• Unexplained somatic complaints
• Delirium
• Gender disorders
2. Suicidal and self-harming behavior
• Automutilation and suicidal behavior
3. Trauma and related disorders
• Children of murder victims
• Trauma and maltreatment related psychopathology
• Maltreatment
• Antisocial teenage mothers
4. Forensic psychiatry
• Clinical forensic psychiatry
• Disruptive behavior in girls
• Neurobiology of antisocial behavior
4
Hot topics in neurology and psychiatry
Week 1
Introduction 3
Crisis and forensic child 4
Development CNS 5
Sleep and narcolepsy 11
Normal development 13
Research in pediatrics 16
Cerebral palsy 19
Neuro-infection I 21
Neuro-infection II 21
COVID-19 and the brain 21
Week 2
Gender 24
Delirium 28
Somatic complaints 31
Medical psychology 32
DREAMS 34
Mental competence 34
Week 3
Suicidal behavior 34
MS I 37
MS II 39
MS III 45
Stem cell research 46
Basics of MRI 48
Week 4
Crisis adolescent 50
Child & murder 51
Techniques in histopathology 52
Week 5
Trauma 59
Child maltreatment 62
Child maltreatment: research 64
The BBB 65
Neuroradiology MS 70
Patient interview 73
Diagnostics 73
Week 6
Forensic child 74
Forensic treatment 76
Closed forensic settings 76
Research MRI 78
Cognition 80
1
,Week 7
DBD girls 81
Antisocial teenage mothers 82
Models of neurological disorders 83
Precision psychiatry 84
Magnetoencephalography 84
Networks in psychiatry 86
Neuro-oncology 87
Week 8
Neurobiology of delinquent behavior 92
DBD imaging 93
DBD genetics 94
Juvenile justice system 96
How to judge 97
Models of psychiatric disorders 97
2
,Lecture 1 general introduction pediatric and adult neurology
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Histopathology
• Brown circles in white tissue of the brain
• Multiple sclerotic plaques
• Myeline turns brown because of the chemicals
In the CNS oligodendrocytes make myelin, in the peripheral
nervous system myelin is created by different cells (Schwann
cells)
MS only affects the CNS
Some cranial nerves are peripheral so they are not affected by
MS -> the symptoms can make it easier to differ between
diagnosis
Immune cells (black dots) are in the brain in high quantities and attack the myelin -> this stops at a
certain point -> remission -> after a few years a new attack can happen
MRI
Only the big lesions are colored white on the scan, the small ones are invisible
Other diseases can show the same kind of lesions but in other places and other shapes
Lesions can also occur in the spinal cord
• Patients with many lesions do not have to be severely impaired
• Patients with few lesions can be severely impaired
Male patients often respond more
heavily to the lesions and have more
atrophy of the brain
Some regions of the brain are connected
to many other regions -> if you have
lesions here it can have a bigger effect
Thalamus is central region and
connected to a lot of other regions -> if
one region has a lesion and is affected
-> this specific region in the thalamus
will shrink
If regions are damaged the brain doesn’t
shut down immediately but it changes
and makes sure there still will be a connection
3
, The network collapse
In early stages of MS, structural damage is low, leaving network efficiency relatively high -> as the
structural damage accumulates over time, network efficiency levels drop, inducing a network
collapse after a critical threshold (indicated by the dotted line) is exceeded -> after this, the
network is unable to function normally and cognitive impairment develops
Lecture 2 crisis and forensic child and adolescent psychiatry
Key of a psychiatric disorder is dysfunctioning
- At school, at home with family, with friends
—> only single symptoms is not a disorder -> dependent on environment
A mental disorder is dimensional, subject to societal changes and subject to change through new
knowledge
Internalising mental disorder
• Inward/affective
- Depression, anxiety, PTSD
Externalising mental disorder
• Outward/behavioral
- ADHD, aggression, disruptive behavior disorders
Autism spectrum disorders - social/communication
Four main themes in this minor
1. Psychosomatic problems
• Unexplained somatic complaints
• Delirium
• Gender disorders
2. Suicidal and self-harming behavior
• Automutilation and suicidal behavior
3. Trauma and related disorders
• Children of murder victims
• Trauma and maltreatment related psychopathology
• Maltreatment
• Antisocial teenage mothers
4. Forensic psychiatry
• Clinical forensic psychiatry
• Disruptive behavior in girls
• Neurobiology of antisocial behavior
4
