NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN
COLLEGE FINAL EXAM WITH 400 QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS
Explain primary prevention - ANSWER-Preventing"; altering susceptibility or
reducing exposure of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention - ANSWER-"Screening"; early detection, screening,
and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention - ANSWER-"Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention? - ANSWER-Vaccinations and
Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention? - ANSWER-PAP smears for STDs,
lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention? - ANSWER-Rehab for hip surgery,
relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure
ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight
response? - ANSWER-Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR,
bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
,What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light
response? - ANSWER-Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs,
decreased HR, bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume
action
Explain the role of the nucleus - ANSWER-control center of the cell, where DNA
and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria - ANSWER-Powerhouse of the cell. Provides
energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome - ANSWER-produces RNA to produce proteins
through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes - ANSWER-helps breakdown and digest dead
cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER - ANSWER-folded membranes that move
proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins
for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER - ANSWER-helps the Liver and kidney cells to
detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome - ANSWER-membrane cells that contain
oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide
and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body - ANSWER-stacked membranes that act as the
sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell
,Explain passive immunity - ANSWER-the transfer of preformed antibodies against
specific antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or
non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory
cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity? - ANSWER-mom to fetus through
placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
Explain active immunity - ANSWER-a protective state owing to the immune
system response as a result of active infection or immunization. It has to be
activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term immunity
What are examples of active immunity? - ANSWER-Vaccinations
Explain what edema is - ANSWER-accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
Leads to tissue swelling
What are some causes of edema? - ANSWER-increase in the forces that move
fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema? - ANSWER-Increase in hydrostatic
forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary
permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver
to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity? - ANSWER-an overreaction to antigens or allergens
that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage
, What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANSWER-anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-
30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that
release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-allergic reaction to dust. someone
eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - ANSWER-antihistamines to
block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease
inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or
through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? - ANSWER-
hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER-The cells attack healthy organs and
blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-Blood transfusions when wrong
blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - ANSWER-The igG antibodies are stuck beneath
the membranes of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues.
Immune complex
COLLEGE FINAL EXAM WITH 400 QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS
Explain primary prevention - ANSWER-Preventing"; altering susceptibility or
reducing exposure of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention - ANSWER-"Screening"; early detection, screening,
and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention - ANSWER-"Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention? - ANSWER-Vaccinations and
Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention? - ANSWER-PAP smears for STDs,
lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention? - ANSWER-Rehab for hip surgery,
relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure
ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight
response? - ANSWER-Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR,
bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
,What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light
response? - ANSWER-Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs,
decreased HR, bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume
action
Explain the role of the nucleus - ANSWER-control center of the cell, where DNA
and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria - ANSWER-Powerhouse of the cell. Provides
energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome - ANSWER-produces RNA to produce proteins
through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes - ANSWER-helps breakdown and digest dead
cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER - ANSWER-folded membranes that move
proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins
for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER - ANSWER-helps the Liver and kidney cells to
detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome - ANSWER-membrane cells that contain
oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide
and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body - ANSWER-stacked membranes that act as the
sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell
,Explain passive immunity - ANSWER-the transfer of preformed antibodies against
specific antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or
non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory
cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity? - ANSWER-mom to fetus through
placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
Explain active immunity - ANSWER-a protective state owing to the immune
system response as a result of active infection or immunization. It has to be
activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term immunity
What are examples of active immunity? - ANSWER-Vaccinations
Explain what edema is - ANSWER-accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
Leads to tissue swelling
What are some causes of edema? - ANSWER-increase in the forces that move
fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema? - ANSWER-Increase in hydrostatic
forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary
permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver
to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity? - ANSWER-an overreaction to antigens or allergens
that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage
, What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANSWER-anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-
30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that
release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-allergic reaction to dust. someone
eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - ANSWER-antihistamines to
block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease
inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or
through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? - ANSWER-
hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity - ANSWER-The cells attack healthy organs and
blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-Blood transfusions when wrong
blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - ANSWER-The igG antibodies are stuck beneath
the membranes of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues.
Immune complex
