BIO 271 - Final Exam Questions and Answers 100% Verified

Functions of the skeletal system - ️️-Provide support and structure for the body -Protection of soft organs (skull, ribcage, vertebrae, etc.) -Hemopoiesis -Storage site for minerals -Provide attachment site for muscles to aid in locomotion and leverage Midsagittal - ️️Vertical plane passing through the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves. Frontal/coronal - ️️vertical plane passing through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior parts. transverse/horizontal - ️️perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes, cutting the body into superior and inferior parts. Sagittal - ️️Vertical plane passing through the body dividing it into unequal right and left parts. axial skeleton - ️️Bones in the main axis of the body. Bones of the skull, mandible, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and hyoid bone. Total of 80 bones. appendicular skeleton - ️️Bones contained in the upper and lower extremities and the limb girdles (pectoral and pelvic girdles). Total of 126 bones. Pectoral girdle - ️️scapula and clavicle pelvic girdle - ️️ilium, ischium, and pubis long bones - ️️(LW) femur, humerus, radius, clavicle, phalanges short bones - ️️(L~W) most of the bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals). flat bones - ️️bones of the skull, ribs, sternum, scapula irregular bones - ️️vertebrae, calcaneus sesamoid bones - ️️bones that form within tendons - patella, pisiformaccessory bones - ️️extra bones, usually from failure of two bones to fuse. Most common type are sutural bones. minerals and collagenous material - ️️The two components of bones. minerals - ️️Resistance to being crushed/compressed. 60-70% collagenous material - ️️Resistance to being pulled apart. 30-40% compact bone - ️️dense layers of bone. contains no bone marrow. cancellous (spongy) bone - ️️made of trabeculae (scaffolding structures) that contain bone marrow in the spaces. mesenchyme - ️️In the embryo, all bones are first laid down as __________________. endochondral bones - ️️Mesenchyme is replaced by cartilage. The cartilage is destroyed, then bone is laid down in its place. Ex. epiphyseal plate diaphysis - ️️Primary center of ossification epiphysis - ️️Secondary center of ossification Joint - ️️A union between 2 or more bones. Fibrous jones - ️️Bones held together by tough fibrous connective tissue. No movement occurs at this type of joint. Ex. skull sutures and epiphyseal lines. Cartilaginous joints - ️️Bones held together with fibrocartilage (and sometimes hyaline cartilage). This type of joint produces either no movement or only slight movement. Examples: epiphyseal plates, intervertebral discs, costal cartilages, and pubic symphysis Synovial joints - ️️Contains a joint cavity Surrounded by a fibrous joint capsule Contains hyaline cartilage at the point of articulation Lines by synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid Has ligaments around (and sometimes inside) the joint for added stability Three main factors that stabilize a synovial joint - ️️Shape of the joint Muscle tone across the joint ligaments in and around the joint. Ex. knee joint has ACL and PCL insideEpimysium - ️️Connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle. Perimysium - ️️Connective tissue around each fasciculus. Endomysium - ️️Connective tissue around each muscle fiber.