UNCG BIO 277 Final Exam Review
At an ion's equilibrium potential, the net movement of that ion across the membrane is
zero since the energy of its concentration gradient is ____ the voltage difference. -
✔️✔️exactly offset by
Neurotransmitters are released by the membrane of axon terminals by the process of
____, and the neurotransmitters act as _____ signals when they bind with receptors on
the next neuron in the pathway. - ✔️✔️exocytosis; paracrine
Signals that affect nearby target cells after diffusing through interstitial fluid but not
blood are... - ✔️✔️paracrine signals
The regulation of hear rate is an example of ____ control involving ____ signal-receptor
combinations. - ✔️✔️antagonistic; at least two
Glucose enters the interstitial epithelial cells by _____ and exits those cells by ___. -
✔️✔️secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
Steroid hormones initiate responses in target-cells by activating... - ✔️✔️gene
transcription
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released from where? - ✔️✔️hypothalamus
Oxytocin is released in direct response to what? - ✔️✔️mechanical stimulation of the
nipple
Graded potentials are _____ in strength. - ✔️✔️variable
Delivery of a drug that increases permeability of neuronal membranes to calcium would
cause the neurons to do what? - ✔️✔️depolarize
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from an axon terminal is induced most
directly by what? - ✔️✔️calcium ions entering the cytosol
Increased levels of carbon dioxide near working cells causes the local ____ of systemic
arterioles, and the ____ pH decreases the affinity of the local hemoglobin for oxygen. -
✔️✔️dilation; decreased
, Hyper ventilation ____ the amount of CO2 in the blood, thus _____ plasma pH. -
✔️✔️decreases; increasing
At high altitude, low concentration of oxygen in the blood promotes the release of ____,
which has receptors in the _____. - ✔️✔️erythropoietin; bone marrow
The process of inhalation occurs when ____ and the diaphragm is _____. -
✔️✔️Palv<Patm; contracted
Pulmonary arterioles are most likely to constrict when... - ✔️✔️O2 levels decrease in
the alveoli
Stimuli for the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone synthesis (RAAS)
pathway include... - ✔️✔️low renal blood pressure
Hypokalemia is a condition where ____ levels are depressed, resulting in excitable cells
that depolarize ____. - ✔️✔️potassium; less easily
Membrane-bound receptors along the distal convoluted tubule are sensitive to ___,
which when present, ____ the amount of sodium reabsorbed. - ✔️✔️ANP; decreases
Where in the nephron is osmolarity closest to 100 mOsM? - ✔️✔️distal convoluted
tubule
Where is water permeability hormonally regulated in the nephron? - ✔️✔️collecting
duct
During the fed state, glucose is mainly used in the process of ___, primarily influenced
by ___ . - ✔️✔️glycogenesis; insulin
Glucose is absorbed into intestinal cells by ___, and exits those cells towards the blood
by ___. - ✔️✔️secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
____, released from the digestive actions of proteases and peptidases, are absorbed
into intestinal cells by ___. - ✔️✔️amino acids; secondary active transport
An increase in ____ secretion can lead to "muscle wasting" due to proteolysis, a ____
state. - ✔️✔️cortisol; catabolic
Glucagon release, stimulated by ___ in blood glucose levels, normally prevents ____
glycemia. - ✔️✔️a decrease; hypo-
At an ion's equilibrium potential, the net movement of that ion across the membrane is
zero since the energy of its concentration gradient is ____ the voltage difference. -
✔️✔️exactly offset by
Neurotransmitters are released by the membrane of axon terminals by the process of
____, and the neurotransmitters act as _____ signals when they bind with receptors on
the next neuron in the pathway. - ✔️✔️exocytosis; paracrine
Signals that affect nearby target cells after diffusing through interstitial fluid but not
blood are... - ✔️✔️paracrine signals
The regulation of hear rate is an example of ____ control involving ____ signal-receptor
combinations. - ✔️✔️antagonistic; at least two
Glucose enters the interstitial epithelial cells by _____ and exits those cells by ___. -
✔️✔️secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
Steroid hormones initiate responses in target-cells by activating... - ✔️✔️gene
transcription
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released from where? - ✔️✔️hypothalamus
Oxytocin is released in direct response to what? - ✔️✔️mechanical stimulation of the
nipple
Graded potentials are _____ in strength. - ✔️✔️variable
Delivery of a drug that increases permeability of neuronal membranes to calcium would
cause the neurons to do what? - ✔️✔️depolarize
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from an axon terminal is induced most
directly by what? - ✔️✔️calcium ions entering the cytosol
Increased levels of carbon dioxide near working cells causes the local ____ of systemic
arterioles, and the ____ pH decreases the affinity of the local hemoglobin for oxygen. -
✔️✔️dilation; decreased
, Hyper ventilation ____ the amount of CO2 in the blood, thus _____ plasma pH. -
✔️✔️decreases; increasing
At high altitude, low concentration of oxygen in the blood promotes the release of ____,
which has receptors in the _____. - ✔️✔️erythropoietin; bone marrow
The process of inhalation occurs when ____ and the diaphragm is _____. -
✔️✔️Palv<Patm; contracted
Pulmonary arterioles are most likely to constrict when... - ✔️✔️O2 levels decrease in
the alveoli
Stimuli for the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone synthesis (RAAS)
pathway include... - ✔️✔️low renal blood pressure
Hypokalemia is a condition where ____ levels are depressed, resulting in excitable cells
that depolarize ____. - ✔️✔️potassium; less easily
Membrane-bound receptors along the distal convoluted tubule are sensitive to ___,
which when present, ____ the amount of sodium reabsorbed. - ✔️✔️ANP; decreases
Where in the nephron is osmolarity closest to 100 mOsM? - ✔️✔️distal convoluted
tubule
Where is water permeability hormonally regulated in the nephron? - ✔️✔️collecting
duct
During the fed state, glucose is mainly used in the process of ___, primarily influenced
by ___ . - ✔️✔️glycogenesis; insulin
Glucose is absorbed into intestinal cells by ___, and exits those cells towards the blood
by ___. - ✔️✔️secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
____, released from the digestive actions of proteases and peptidases, are absorbed
into intestinal cells by ___. - ✔️✔️amino acids; secondary active transport
An increase in ____ secretion can lead to "muscle wasting" due to proteolysis, a ____
state. - ✔️✔️cortisol; catabolic
Glucagon release, stimulated by ___ in blood glucose levels, normally prevents ____
glycemia. - ✔️✔️a decrease; hypo-
