©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/8/2024 12:08 PM
PHSL232 Exam Questions And Answers
100% Pass
Lecture 1) What are the three functions of the cardiovascular system - answer✔1) To supply organs with
an adequate amount of oxygen and nutrients
2) Removal of unwanted metabolic by-products (CO2 and H+)
3) Transport of substances +Heat (Diffusion alone is not enough)
Where does diffusion and bulk flow occur in the body - answer✔-Diffusion in lungs and tissues
-Bulk flow over long distances
What is myocardium - answer✔Cardiac muscle cells
What has thicker walls, atria or ventricles? - answer✔Ventricles
Is the left or right ventricle thicker? - answer✔Left
What are the two atrioventricular valves - answer✔Mitral valve
Tricuspid
Which sides are the AV valves on - answer✔Mitral=Left
Tricuspid=Right
What are the two semilunar valves - answer✔Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
What are the two physiological factors of CVS which determine arterial blood pressure -
answer✔Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
What is the equation for cardiac output - answer✔CO=SV*HR
What are the two physical factors of CVS which determine arterial blood pressure - answer✔Arterial
blood volume
Arterial compliance
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/8/2024 12:08 PM
What is the equation for pressure - answer✔Flow*resistance
What is the equation for poiseuille's law - answer✔R=8nl/Pir^4
What is the pressure range for ventricles - answer✔5-250mmHg-pulsatile
What is the pressure range for arteries - answer✔60-250mmHg-pulsatile
What type of vessels are arterioles - answer✔Resistance vessels
-Loss of pulsatility
Are capillaries, venules and veins pulsatile - answer✔Non-pulsatile
What is the function of distensible large arteries - answer✔Stretch and recoil to dampen pulsatility and
keeps capillary flow constant during cardiac cycle
Lecture 2) What occurs during diastole - answer✔Ventricles relax and heart fills with blood
What occurs during systole - answer✔Ventricles contract
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) are valves open or closed - answer✔All valves shut
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) is there any blood flow - answer✔No
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) what are the ventricles doing - answer✔Relaxing
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) is atrial pressure higher or lower than ventricular -
answer✔Lower
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) as the atrium fills with returning blood, does the AV valve open
passively? - answer✔Yes
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) what is the last step - answer✔Ventricular filling begins
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling), does ~90% of ventricular filling occur passively down a pressure
gradient - answer✔Yes
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does the P wave on ECG represent - answer✔Atrial
depolarisation
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does atrial depol cause - answer✔Atrial contraction
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does atrial pressure rise to - answer✔~5mmHg
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does the rise in atrial pressure cause - answer✔Last 10% of
blood is ejected from atrium to ventricle
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what is the end-diastolic volume at rest - answer✔~130ml
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/8/2024 12:08 PM
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) at the start the ventricles are filled, what does the QRS
complex represent on the ECG - answer✔Ventricles depolarise
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), what does ventricular depol cause - answer✔Ventricular
contraction
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), what happens to the AV valve as ventricular pressure rises -
answer✔AV valve closes (First heart sound)
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), is there any blood flow after the valves shut? - answer✔No
blood flow
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) , Isovolumic contraction then occurs which causes what -
answer✔Ventricular pressure is generated
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) what happens when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic
pressure - answer✔Aortic valve opens, which marks the beginning of ventricular ejection
During Systole 2 (Ventricular ejection), the aortic valve opens and what happens - answer✔Blood is
ejected into the aorta
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection) what happens to arterial blood pressure and blood volume -
answer✔Both increase
During late systole, 2/3 of blood ejection occurs when - answer✔In the first 1/3 of ejection time-rapid
ejection
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection) what does the T wave represent - answer✔Repolarisation of the
ventricles
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection), after ventricular repolarisation what happens to left ventricular
pressure and aortic pressure - answer✔Both drop
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection), LVP drops below AP and what does this cause -
answer✔Semilunar valves close-second heart sound
What is the end-systolic volume at rest - answer✔60ml
How long are diastole 1 and 2 - answer✔1=0.05s
2=0.5s
How long are systole 1 and 2 - answer✔1=0.05s
2=0.3s
For atrial pressure, what does the A wave represent - answer✔Atrial contraction
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/8/2024 12:08 PM
For atrial pressure, what does the C wave represent - answer✔Compression of atrium due to ventricular
contraction
For atrial pressure, what does v wave represent - answer✔Filling of the atria (Volume)
What does the incisura or dicrotic notch represent - answer✔When LVP<AP and so the valve closes (also
second heart sound)
What are the aortic pressures during diastole and systole - answer✔D=80
S=120mmHg
What are the LV pressures during diastole and systole - answer✔D=5
S=120mmHg
What are the RV pressures during systole and diastole - answer✔D=0/1
S= 25mmHg
What are the PA pressures during systole and diastole - answer✔D=8
S=25mmHg
Lecture 3) What is the flow of an AP through the heart - answer✔Sinoatrial node-> Atrioventricular
node-> Bundle of His-> Purkinje fibers-> Cardiomyocytes
What do intercalated discs allow - answer✔Allows a signal to travel between cardiomyocytes
What is functional syncytium - answer✔All electrically connected to each other
-If one cardiomyocyte depolarises, they all depolarise
What speed does SA node generate an AP (Beats per min) - answer✔~40-100min
What speed is the AP conducted in the atrium - answer✔~0.5m s
What speed is the AP conducted in the AV node - answer✔~0.05m s
What does this delay allow - answer✔Delay permits full depolarisation and contraction of the atria
before depolarisation and contraction of the ventricles
What is the speed of conduction of the AP in the bundle of His, Bundle branches and purkinje fibers -
answer✔5 m s
What is the speed of conduction of the AP in the ventricular myocardium - answer✔0.5 m s
What are the leaders and followers - answer✔Leader: SA
Followers: Cardiomyocyte
11/8/2024 12:08 PM
PHSL232 Exam Questions And Answers
100% Pass
Lecture 1) What are the three functions of the cardiovascular system - answer✔1) To supply organs with
an adequate amount of oxygen and nutrients
2) Removal of unwanted metabolic by-products (CO2 and H+)
3) Transport of substances +Heat (Diffusion alone is not enough)
Where does diffusion and bulk flow occur in the body - answer✔-Diffusion in lungs and tissues
-Bulk flow over long distances
What is myocardium - answer✔Cardiac muscle cells
What has thicker walls, atria or ventricles? - answer✔Ventricles
Is the left or right ventricle thicker? - answer✔Left
What are the two atrioventricular valves - answer✔Mitral valve
Tricuspid
Which sides are the AV valves on - answer✔Mitral=Left
Tricuspid=Right
What are the two semilunar valves - answer✔Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
What are the two physiological factors of CVS which determine arterial blood pressure -
answer✔Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
What is the equation for cardiac output - answer✔CO=SV*HR
What are the two physical factors of CVS which determine arterial blood pressure - answer✔Arterial
blood volume
Arterial compliance
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/8/2024 12:08 PM
What is the equation for pressure - answer✔Flow*resistance
What is the equation for poiseuille's law - answer✔R=8nl/Pir^4
What is the pressure range for ventricles - answer✔5-250mmHg-pulsatile
What is the pressure range for arteries - answer✔60-250mmHg-pulsatile
What type of vessels are arterioles - answer✔Resistance vessels
-Loss of pulsatility
Are capillaries, venules and veins pulsatile - answer✔Non-pulsatile
What is the function of distensible large arteries - answer✔Stretch and recoil to dampen pulsatility and
keeps capillary flow constant during cardiac cycle
Lecture 2) What occurs during diastole - answer✔Ventricles relax and heart fills with blood
What occurs during systole - answer✔Ventricles contract
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) are valves open or closed - answer✔All valves shut
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) is there any blood flow - answer✔No
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) what are the ventricles doing - answer✔Relaxing
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) is atrial pressure higher or lower than ventricular -
answer✔Lower
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) as the atrium fills with returning blood, does the AV valve open
passively? - answer✔Yes
During diastole 1 (Isovolumic relaxation) what is the last step - answer✔Ventricular filling begins
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling), does ~90% of ventricular filling occur passively down a pressure
gradient - answer✔Yes
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does the P wave on ECG represent - answer✔Atrial
depolarisation
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does atrial depol cause - answer✔Atrial contraction
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does atrial pressure rise to - answer✔~5mmHg
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what does the rise in atrial pressure cause - answer✔Last 10% of
blood is ejected from atrium to ventricle
During diastole 2 (Ventricular filling) what is the end-diastolic volume at rest - answer✔~130ml
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/8/2024 12:08 PM
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) at the start the ventricles are filled, what does the QRS
complex represent on the ECG - answer✔Ventricles depolarise
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), what does ventricular depol cause - answer✔Ventricular
contraction
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), what happens to the AV valve as ventricular pressure rises -
answer✔AV valve closes (First heart sound)
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction), is there any blood flow after the valves shut? - answer✔No
blood flow
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) , Isovolumic contraction then occurs which causes what -
answer✔Ventricular pressure is generated
During systole 1 (Isovolumic contraction) what happens when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic
pressure - answer✔Aortic valve opens, which marks the beginning of ventricular ejection
During Systole 2 (Ventricular ejection), the aortic valve opens and what happens - answer✔Blood is
ejected into the aorta
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection) what happens to arterial blood pressure and blood volume -
answer✔Both increase
During late systole, 2/3 of blood ejection occurs when - answer✔In the first 1/3 of ejection time-rapid
ejection
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection) what does the T wave represent - answer✔Repolarisation of the
ventricles
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection), after ventricular repolarisation what happens to left ventricular
pressure and aortic pressure - answer✔Both drop
During systole 2 (Ventricular ejection), LVP drops below AP and what does this cause -
answer✔Semilunar valves close-second heart sound
What is the end-systolic volume at rest - answer✔60ml
How long are diastole 1 and 2 - answer✔1=0.05s
2=0.5s
How long are systole 1 and 2 - answer✔1=0.05s
2=0.3s
For atrial pressure, what does the A wave represent - answer✔Atrial contraction
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/8/2024 12:08 PM
For atrial pressure, what does the C wave represent - answer✔Compression of atrium due to ventricular
contraction
For atrial pressure, what does v wave represent - answer✔Filling of the atria (Volume)
What does the incisura or dicrotic notch represent - answer✔When LVP<AP and so the valve closes (also
second heart sound)
What are the aortic pressures during diastole and systole - answer✔D=80
S=120mmHg
What are the LV pressures during diastole and systole - answer✔D=5
S=120mmHg
What are the RV pressures during systole and diastole - answer✔D=0/1
S= 25mmHg
What are the PA pressures during systole and diastole - answer✔D=8
S=25mmHg
Lecture 3) What is the flow of an AP through the heart - answer✔Sinoatrial node-> Atrioventricular
node-> Bundle of His-> Purkinje fibers-> Cardiomyocytes
What do intercalated discs allow - answer✔Allows a signal to travel between cardiomyocytes
What is functional syncytium - answer✔All electrically connected to each other
-If one cardiomyocyte depolarises, they all depolarise
What speed does SA node generate an AP (Beats per min) - answer✔~40-100min
What speed is the AP conducted in the atrium - answer✔~0.5m s
What speed is the AP conducted in the AV node - answer✔~0.05m s
What does this delay allow - answer✔Delay permits full depolarisation and contraction of the atria
before depolarisation and contraction of the ventricles
What is the speed of conduction of the AP in the bundle of His, Bundle branches and purkinje fibers -
answer✔5 m s
What is the speed of conduction of the AP in the ventricular myocardium - answer✔0.5 m s
What are the leaders and followers - answer✔Leader: SA
Followers: Cardiomyocyte
