BIO 311C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED
ring structures contain what?
hydroxyl group
what are glycosidic linkages?
covalent bonds formed between the two monosaccharides
what are oligosaccharides used for?
communication
what are polysaccharides?
sugar polymers (macromolecules)
how is structure of polysaccharides determined?
type of monomers/locations of bonds
glycogen, starch, and cellulose all built from glycogen?
true
glycogen, starch, and cellulose can all provide energy for humans?
false
where is starch found?
plants
where is glycogen found?
animals
what is found in starch/glycogen?
1-4 glycosidic linkage
what is an example of a structural polysaccharide?
cellulose
what is cellulose made of?
glucose monomer
describe cellulose
very long, flat, does not twist, allows neighboring cellulose molecules to bond, forms
strong fibers
for alpha glucose is oh on the top or bottom?
both on bottom
for beta glucose, is OH on the top or bottom?
one on top and one on top
describe the starch linkage?
1-4 linkage of alpha glucose monomers, helical molecule
describe the cellulose linkage?
1-4 linkage of beta glucose monomers, flat, structural support
why can't humans digest cellulose?
we cannot break down beta glucose linkage, cleans out digestive system
what are lipids?
one class of biomolecules that do not consist of polymers
test: why are different types of lipids grouped together in one class of
biomolecules?
they are all hydrophobic
what are the three types of phospholipids?
, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
what are examples of triglycerides?
fats and oils
what are the functions of triglycerides?
energy, insulation/protection
how many molecules consist of triglycerides?
4
what consists in a triglyceride?
1 glycerol (alcohol/hydroxyl), 3 fatty acids
which of the chemical groups have acids?
carboxyl
which reaction would you expect to be used to join the fatty acids to glycerol?
condensation (dehydration)
what reaction happens in the synthesis of a fat?
dehydration
what is an esther linkage?
covalent bond, hydroxyl of glycerol, carboxyl of fatty acid
what is the structural diversity of fatty acids?
geometric isomers
how do fatty acids vary in length?
they have 4-30 carbons and even numbers of carbons
how do different fatty acids differ?
vary in number and location of double bonds
describe saturated fatty acids
saturated with hydrogen, no carbon carbon double bond, each of bonds are single
covalent bonds
what keeps fatty acids from moving around a lot?
van der waals interactions
describe unsaturation fatty acids
not saturated with H, cis double bonding that causes bending, one or more carbon
double bond
what are 2 examples of unsaturated fatty acids?
monosaturated and polysaturated
what's an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?
oil
what are hydrogenated oils?
unsaturated fatty acids that have hydrogen added?
what are the two types of hydrogenated oil?
completely hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated oils
what do partially hydrogenated oils lead to?
trans fats
describe complete hydrogenated oils?
no carbon carbon double bonds, saturated fats
describe partially hydrogenated oils?
get rid of some carbon carbon double bonds, left over carbon carbon double bond in
different position
ring structures contain what?
hydroxyl group
what are glycosidic linkages?
covalent bonds formed between the two monosaccharides
what are oligosaccharides used for?
communication
what are polysaccharides?
sugar polymers (macromolecules)
how is structure of polysaccharides determined?
type of monomers/locations of bonds
glycogen, starch, and cellulose all built from glycogen?
true
glycogen, starch, and cellulose can all provide energy for humans?
false
where is starch found?
plants
where is glycogen found?
animals
what is found in starch/glycogen?
1-4 glycosidic linkage
what is an example of a structural polysaccharide?
cellulose
what is cellulose made of?
glucose monomer
describe cellulose
very long, flat, does not twist, allows neighboring cellulose molecules to bond, forms
strong fibers
for alpha glucose is oh on the top or bottom?
both on bottom
for beta glucose, is OH on the top or bottom?
one on top and one on top
describe the starch linkage?
1-4 linkage of alpha glucose monomers, helical molecule
describe the cellulose linkage?
1-4 linkage of beta glucose monomers, flat, structural support
why can't humans digest cellulose?
we cannot break down beta glucose linkage, cleans out digestive system
what are lipids?
one class of biomolecules that do not consist of polymers
test: why are different types of lipids grouped together in one class of
biomolecules?
they are all hydrophobic
what are the three types of phospholipids?
, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
what are examples of triglycerides?
fats and oils
what are the functions of triglycerides?
energy, insulation/protection
how many molecules consist of triglycerides?
4
what consists in a triglyceride?
1 glycerol (alcohol/hydroxyl), 3 fatty acids
which of the chemical groups have acids?
carboxyl
which reaction would you expect to be used to join the fatty acids to glycerol?
condensation (dehydration)
what reaction happens in the synthesis of a fat?
dehydration
what is an esther linkage?
covalent bond, hydroxyl of glycerol, carboxyl of fatty acid
what is the structural diversity of fatty acids?
geometric isomers
how do fatty acids vary in length?
they have 4-30 carbons and even numbers of carbons
how do different fatty acids differ?
vary in number and location of double bonds
describe saturated fatty acids
saturated with hydrogen, no carbon carbon double bond, each of bonds are single
covalent bonds
what keeps fatty acids from moving around a lot?
van der waals interactions
describe unsaturation fatty acids
not saturated with H, cis double bonding that causes bending, one or more carbon
double bond
what are 2 examples of unsaturated fatty acids?
monosaturated and polysaturated
what's an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?
oil
what are hydrogenated oils?
unsaturated fatty acids that have hydrogen added?
what are the two types of hydrogenated oil?
completely hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated oils
what do partially hydrogenated oils lead to?
trans fats
describe complete hydrogenated oils?
no carbon carbon double bonds, saturated fats
describe partially hydrogenated oils?
get rid of some carbon carbon double bonds, left over carbon carbon double bond in
different position
