Bio 311C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Model Systems
Also known as model organisms, these include the small group of species that are the
subject of extensive research. They are organisms that adapt well to laboratory
situations and findings from experiments on them can apply across a broad range of
species. Classic examples include white rats and the fruit fly Drosophila.
Holism
a study that considers the whole person
Reductionism
the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to
study
In Vivo Studies
experiments used to study physiology, ecology of organisms under living conditions
In Vitro Studies
experiments performed under non-living conditions
In Situ Studies
experiments conducted to determine the presence of certain molecules such as DNA,
RNA or protein in a particular site
In Silico Studies
based on computer analysis of data to draw conclusions or identify patterns in genome
or gene expression studies
Inductive Approach
a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a
theory
Deductive Approach
a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical
observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory
Emergent Properties of Life
reproduction, growth and development, order and structure, metabolism, respiration,
response to environmental stimuli, adaptation and evolution, autonomous movement
Taxonomic Classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
Archaea
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
Eukarya
Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and
animals
Eukaryotic Kingdoms
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Protista
, Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi
Fungi
A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of
movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in
their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
Plantae
Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing
cellulose
Animalia
kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls
Biological Hierarchy
the nested series in which living things, their building blocks, and their living and
nonliving surroundings can be arranged from atoms at the lowest level to the entire
biosphere at the highest level
Atoms
Building blocks of matter
Molecules
Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Cells
Basic unit of life
Tissues
Groups of cells with a common structure and function.
Organs
Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely
related functions.
Organ Systems
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
Multicellular Organisms
Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Biomes
a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil
conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions.
Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Elements
A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by
chemical reactions.
Compound
Model Systems
Also known as model organisms, these include the small group of species that are the
subject of extensive research. They are organisms that adapt well to laboratory
situations and findings from experiments on them can apply across a broad range of
species. Classic examples include white rats and the fruit fly Drosophila.
Holism
a study that considers the whole person
Reductionism
the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to
study
In Vivo Studies
experiments used to study physiology, ecology of organisms under living conditions
In Vitro Studies
experiments performed under non-living conditions
In Situ Studies
experiments conducted to determine the presence of certain molecules such as DNA,
RNA or protein in a particular site
In Silico Studies
based on computer analysis of data to draw conclusions or identify patterns in genome
or gene expression studies
Inductive Approach
a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a
theory
Deductive Approach
a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical
observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory
Emergent Properties of Life
reproduction, growth and development, order and structure, metabolism, respiration,
response to environmental stimuli, adaptation and evolution, autonomous movement
Taxonomic Classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
Archaea
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
Eukarya
Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and
animals
Eukaryotic Kingdoms
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Protista
, Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi
Fungi
A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of
movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in
their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
Plantae
Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing
cellulose
Animalia
kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls
Biological Hierarchy
the nested series in which living things, their building blocks, and their living and
nonliving surroundings can be arranged from atoms at the lowest level to the entire
biosphere at the highest level
Atoms
Building blocks of matter
Molecules
Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Cells
Basic unit of life
Tissues
Groups of cells with a common structure and function.
Organs
Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely
related functions.
Organ Systems
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
Multicellular Organisms
Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Biomes
a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil
conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions.
Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Elements
A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by
chemical reactions.
Compound
