BIO 311C EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED
four biological molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
elements in carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CH2O
elements in lipids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
elements in proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous
elements in nucleic acids
functional groups in carbohydrates
hydroxyl and carbonyl
functional groups in lipids
CH3/-CH2
OH (glycerol)
PO4 2- phospholipid
functional groups in proteins
NH3+/ NH2
COO-
COOH
R-Group: OH, SH, CH3
functional groups in nucleic acids
NH2 (nitrogenous base)
OH (sugars)
PO4 2-
Subgroups of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
subgroups of lipids
fats phospholipids steroids caretonoids
subgroups of proteins
-soluble with polar R
-membrane with nonpolar R
nucleic acids subgroups
DNA
RNA
Monosaccharides
3-7 carbon long.
When will monosaccharides form rings?
Longer than 5 carbon and in water
, condensation synthesis
forming a covalent bond between monomers by removing an H2O molecule
What kinds of bonds is starch connected by?
Alpha 1, 4 linkages
What kinds of bonds is cellulose connected by?
Beta 1, 4, linkages
Which glucose polysaccharides are connected by alpha linkages
starch and glycogen
Types of polysaccharides regarding functions
storage and structural
example of storage polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, amylopectin
example of structural polysaccharides
cellulose, chitin, and callose
1,6 linkages
amylopectin
Beta 1, 4 linkages
cellulose, chitin, and callose
Alpha 1, 4 linkages
starch, glycogen
Lipids are held together by
ester bonds
Ester bonds are composed of
O-C=O
storage polysaccharides (use)
energy utilization
structural polysaccharides (purpose)
build cell walls and exoskeletons
Saturated fatty acid
only single bonds
monounsaturated fatty acid
only one double bond
polyunsaturated
multiple double bonds
functional groups on same side of isomer
cis
functional groups on opposite sides of isomer
trans
how does a phospholipids structure relate to its function
Polar phosphate group is hydrophilic and faces the water. Nonpolar tails of fatty acid
chains face the inside of the membrane. The nonpolar interior acts as a barrier against
polar solutes.
how does carotenoids structure relate to its function
Functions to harvest light at a particular wavelength. Double-bonded carbons also can
accept protons or electrons: helps as an antioxidant
how does cholestorol structure relate to function
four biological molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
elements in carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CH2O
elements in lipids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
elements in proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous
elements in nucleic acids
functional groups in carbohydrates
hydroxyl and carbonyl
functional groups in lipids
CH3/-CH2
OH (glycerol)
PO4 2- phospholipid
functional groups in proteins
NH3+/ NH2
COO-
COOH
R-Group: OH, SH, CH3
functional groups in nucleic acids
NH2 (nitrogenous base)
OH (sugars)
PO4 2-
Subgroups of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
subgroups of lipids
fats phospholipids steroids caretonoids
subgroups of proteins
-soluble with polar R
-membrane with nonpolar R
nucleic acids subgroups
DNA
RNA
Monosaccharides
3-7 carbon long.
When will monosaccharides form rings?
Longer than 5 carbon and in water
, condensation synthesis
forming a covalent bond between monomers by removing an H2O molecule
What kinds of bonds is starch connected by?
Alpha 1, 4 linkages
What kinds of bonds is cellulose connected by?
Beta 1, 4, linkages
Which glucose polysaccharides are connected by alpha linkages
starch and glycogen
Types of polysaccharides regarding functions
storage and structural
example of storage polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, amylopectin
example of structural polysaccharides
cellulose, chitin, and callose
1,6 linkages
amylopectin
Beta 1, 4 linkages
cellulose, chitin, and callose
Alpha 1, 4 linkages
starch, glycogen
Lipids are held together by
ester bonds
Ester bonds are composed of
O-C=O
storage polysaccharides (use)
energy utilization
structural polysaccharides (purpose)
build cell walls and exoskeletons
Saturated fatty acid
only single bonds
monounsaturated fatty acid
only one double bond
polyunsaturated
multiple double bonds
functional groups on same side of isomer
cis
functional groups on opposite sides of isomer
trans
how does a phospholipids structure relate to its function
Polar phosphate group is hydrophilic and faces the water. Nonpolar tails of fatty acid
chains face the inside of the membrane. The nonpolar interior acts as a barrier against
polar solutes.
how does carotenoids structure relate to its function
Functions to harvest light at a particular wavelength. Double-bonded carbons also can
accept protons or electrons: helps as an antioxidant
how does cholestorol structure relate to function
