CEN - Cardiac Review Guaranteed A+

CEN - Cardiac Review Guaranteed A+ Atropine has what affect on the heart ️️reverses cholinergic-mediated decrease in heart rate (increases heart rate) Describe afterload ️️The pressure the heart must eject against in the aorta measured by blood pressure, specifically MAP (mean arterial pressure) Describe Mobitz Type I ️️PR interval gets longer and longer until and QRS complex is dropped. Describe Mobitz Type II ️️PR interval remains normal at 0.12 and QRS complex is dropped Describe preload ️️The amount of blood coming into the heart through the vena cava, measured as CVP (central venous pressure) EKG ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF suggests a MI in which area of the heart, affecting which coronary vessel ️️Inferior Mi - Right coronary artery EKG ST elevation in leads V1 and V2 suggests a MI in which area of the heart, affecting which coronary vessel ️️Septal MI - Left anterior descending coronary artery EKG ST elevation in leads V1 and V6 suggests a MI in which area of the heart, affecting which coronary vessel ️️Extensive Anterior - Risk of sudden death - Left main coronary artery EKG ST elevation in leads V3 and V4 suggests a MI in which area of the heart, affecting which coronary vessel ️️Anterior MI - Left anterior descending coronary artery EKG ST elevation in leads V5 and V6 suggests a MI in which area of the heart, affecting which coronary vessel ️️Apex MI - Left circumflex coronary artery EKG ST elevation in leads I, aVL, V5 and V6 suggests a MI in which area of the heart, affecting which coronary vessel ️️Lateral MI - Left circumflex coronary artery How do Angiotension Converter Enzymes (ACE inhibitors) affect the cardiac system - What do you monitor for ️️decrease preload and afterload through vasodilation and diuresis - dry cough, hyperkalcemia, angioedema How do chronotropes work ️️Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate by affecting the nerves controlling the heart, or by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node. How do dromotropes work ️️Dromotropic agent affect the conduction speed in the AV node and subsequently the rate of electrical impulses in the heart How do inotropes work ️️Inotropic agents alter the force or energy of muscular contractions How do Negative chronotropes affect the cardiac system ️️decrease heart rate: change the rhythm produced by the SA node How do Negative dromotropes affect the cardiac system ️️decrease automaticity: alters rate at which electricity moves through the heart How do Negative inotropes affect the cardiac system ️️decrease contractility: alters the force or energy of muscular contractions How do Positive chronotropes affect the cardiac system ️️increase heart rate: change the rhythm produced by the SA node How do Positive dromotropes affect the cardiac system ️️increase automaticity: alters rate at which electricity moves through the heart How do Positive inotropes affect the cardiac system ️️increase contractility: alters the force or energy of muscular contractions How does Amiodarone, Milirone affect the cardiac system - What is it used for ️️Vasodilator, positive inotrope - Heart failure How does diazoxide (Hyperstat) affect the cardiac system - What do you monitor for ️️Arterial dialator used for significant hypertension - Inhibits release of insulin (can cause hyperglycemia) How does Dopamine (Intropin, Dopastat) affect the cardiac system ️️Increases alpha, beta-one, and beta-two stimulation -doses: 2-10 mcg/kg/minute, increases cardiac output, 10mcg/kg/minute, increases blood pressure How does Isoproterenol (Isuprel) affect the cardiac system ️️Increases alpha, beta-one, and beta two stimulation -can increase myocardial workload, can cause myocardial ischemia How does nitroglycerin affect the cardiac system - What precautions need to be taken with this medication ️️Venous dilator (arterial dilator in higher doses)coronary artery dilator - Give via IV in glass bottles through PVC tubing How does norephinephrine bitartrate (Levophed) affect the cardiac system ️️Peripheral venous arterial vasoconstrictor and cardiac stimulant considered in the treatment of hypotension or shock How does phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) affect the cardiac system ️️Pure alpha-agonist, vasoconstrictor How does sodium nitroprusside (Nipride) affect the cardiac system - What precautions need to be taken with this medication ️️potent venous and arterial dilator - protect from light (aluminum foil or opaque plastic Hypertension is a severe elevation in blood pressure that can lead to: ️️Hypertensive encephalopathy, altered loc, dizziness, headache, stroke, seizures,Retinal hemorrhage with visual complaints, Chest pain and ischemia, Heart failure, (enlarged heart, S3/S4 heart sounds) Mobitz Type I is also known as ️️Wenckebach AV Block Reciprocal changes in leads V1, V2 suggests a MI in which area of the heart, affecting which coronary vessel ️️Posterior - Right coronary artery What 3 things determine stroke volume ️️preload, afterload, contractility What are risk factors for: Aortic Dissection ️️Hypertension, Connective tissue disease, (Marfan's syndrome), Pregnancy, Trauma What are the actions of: Calcium channel blockers ️️negative chronotropic slows heart rate vasodilates prevents arterial vasospasm What are the actions of: Negative chronotrope ️️slows he