BIO 161 PSU EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
GRADED
What is gene expression?
What is the first process and where does it occur?
What is the second process and where does it occur?
Gene expression is the process of making proteins from the instructions (genes) in DNA
Process A: replication, DNA to RNA, occurs in nucleus
Process B: translation, RNA to protein, occurs in ribosomes in the ER
Organelles involved in gene expression and what happens in them
1. Nucleus - production of RNA from DNA (transcription)
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum - RNA is translated to amino acids to make proteins
3. Golgi Body - packages the proteins for transport
What are atoms made up of?
subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)
What are the names and charges of the subatomic particles?
1. Protons, positive
2. Neutrons, none
3. Electrons, negative
where do subatomic particles reside?
Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus while electrons are found located on the
rings around it
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms bonded together
What is an element?
pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
What are ions?
atoms that have an uneven number of protons and electrons
What is a cation and what do they do?
A positively charged ion that gives up electrons easily
What is an anion and what do they do?
A negatively charged ion that accept electrons easily
What is a nonpolar covalent bond? What is an example?
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
oxygen
What is a polar covalent bond? What is an example?
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
water
What is an ionic bond? What is an example?
, A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions (valence
electrons from one atom are transferred permanently to another atom)
Salt (NaCl)
What is a hydrogen bond? What is an example?
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
DNA
What is an organic molecule?
molecules that contain carbon
What is the relationship between monomers and polymers?
Monomers are building blocks of polymers
Carbohydrate monomer
Carbohydrate polymers
Carbohydrate functions
Monomers: glucose and fructose
Polymers: starch, cellulose, glycogen
Function: providing the body with energy
Protein monomer
Protein polymer
Protein function
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptides
Function: many functions, one example is enzymes are important physiological
processes (they control many reactions that maintain homeostasis)
Lipid monomers
Lipid polymers
Lipid Function
Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids
Polymers: diglycerides and triglycerides
Function: energy storage and insulation
How do proteins get their shape?
Sequences of amino acids form the primary structure and then fold to make their final
protein shape
Why is protein shape important for its function?
Shape determines the function of the protein
What is ATP and what does it do in the body?
ATP is a nucleotide that functions in energy transfer in the body
What is ATP hydrolysis?
When water is added to an ATP to break off a phosphate group to make ADP, a
phosphate group, and free energy
What does ATP hydrolysis do for the body?
it can be coupled to other reactions to cause physiological processes to occur
Cytoplasm
- where is it found
- what is found in it
GRADED
What is gene expression?
What is the first process and where does it occur?
What is the second process and where does it occur?
Gene expression is the process of making proteins from the instructions (genes) in DNA
Process A: replication, DNA to RNA, occurs in nucleus
Process B: translation, RNA to protein, occurs in ribosomes in the ER
Organelles involved in gene expression and what happens in them
1. Nucleus - production of RNA from DNA (transcription)
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum - RNA is translated to amino acids to make proteins
3. Golgi Body - packages the proteins for transport
What are atoms made up of?
subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)
What are the names and charges of the subatomic particles?
1. Protons, positive
2. Neutrons, none
3. Electrons, negative
where do subatomic particles reside?
Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus while electrons are found located on the
rings around it
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms bonded together
What is an element?
pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
What are ions?
atoms that have an uneven number of protons and electrons
What is a cation and what do they do?
A positively charged ion that gives up electrons easily
What is an anion and what do they do?
A negatively charged ion that accept electrons easily
What is a nonpolar covalent bond? What is an example?
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
oxygen
What is a polar covalent bond? What is an example?
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
water
What is an ionic bond? What is an example?
, A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions (valence
electrons from one atom are transferred permanently to another atom)
Salt (NaCl)
What is a hydrogen bond? What is an example?
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
DNA
What is an organic molecule?
molecules that contain carbon
What is the relationship between monomers and polymers?
Monomers are building blocks of polymers
Carbohydrate monomer
Carbohydrate polymers
Carbohydrate functions
Monomers: glucose and fructose
Polymers: starch, cellulose, glycogen
Function: providing the body with energy
Protein monomer
Protein polymer
Protein function
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptides
Function: many functions, one example is enzymes are important physiological
processes (they control many reactions that maintain homeostasis)
Lipid monomers
Lipid polymers
Lipid Function
Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids
Polymers: diglycerides and triglycerides
Function: energy storage and insulation
How do proteins get their shape?
Sequences of amino acids form the primary structure and then fold to make their final
protein shape
Why is protein shape important for its function?
Shape determines the function of the protein
What is ATP and what does it do in the body?
ATP is a nucleotide that functions in energy transfer in the body
What is ATP hydrolysis?
When water is added to an ATP to break off a phosphate group to make ADP, a
phosphate group, and free energy
What does ATP hydrolysis do for the body?
it can be coupled to other reactions to cause physiological processes to occur
Cytoplasm
- where is it found
- what is found in it
