BIO 161 - PSU - EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Gas neurotransmitters
dopamine & norepinephrine
Secretion
processing of converting electrical signal to chemical signal then back to electrical in
postsynaptic neuron
Synapse Steps
1 - AP reaches postsynaptic terminal
2 - Ca++ voltage gated channels open
3 - Ca++ binds to vesicles to help them burst
4 - Neurotransmitters in vesicles travel through cleft and bind to postsynaptic ligand
channels
Snare Proteins
docking vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
Summation
sum of all local potential changes at the synapses of a post synaptic neuron
EPSP
excitatory postsynaptic potential, depolarization of postsynaptic neuron
IPSP
inhibitory postsynaptic potential, hyperpolarization of postsynaptic neuron
Two Types Of Summation
temporal and spatial
Temporal Summation
one presynaptic neuron sends multiple signals
Spatial Summation
multiple presynaptic neurons send signals
Frequency
how often action potentials fire per unit of time
Strength Of The Stimulus
stronger stimuli result in more action potentials
Ganglia
cell bodies outside the CNS
Proprioceptors
neurons that send signals to brain about stretching of muscles, tendons, and joints
Free Nerve Endings (are part of what)
temperature and pain
Merkel Cells (are part of what)
light pressure (tactile cell)
, Lamellated Corpuscles (are part of what)
deep pressure, nerve ending embedded in connective tissue
Divisions Of The Sensory PNS
special, somatic, autonomic
Divisions Of The Motor PNS
somatic and autonomic
PNS - SENSORY - SPECIAL
vision, hearing, balance, smell, taste
PNS - SENSORY - SOMATIC
come from muscles, skin, and bone
PNS - SENSORY - AUTONOMIC (visceral)
come from organs
PNS - MOTOR - SOMATIC
to skeletal muscle, voluntary actions
PNS - MOTOR - AUTONOMIC (visceral)
to smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands
Divisions Of The Autonomic Motor System
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic
fight or flight
Parasympathetic
rest and digest
Sympathetic Gland Vs Parasympathetic Gland
sweat vs saliva
Autonomic Sensory Receptors
"visceral" sensory receptors, input from viscera/internal organs, most are
chemoreceptors
Polio Virus
destroyed ventral horn neurons (motor), can affect breathing muscles (diaphram)
Somatic Motor Division Involves ________.
one efferent neuron traveling to a target
Autonomic Motor Division Involves ________.
two efferent neurons, a ganglia, and multiple targets
Divergence
one cell causes many outputs or activations
Convergence
one cell influenced by many others
Parasympathetic Ganglia Are Located Where?
near or within target region
Sympathetic Ganglia Are Located Where?
in the sympathetic trunk
Sympathetic Trunk (location, consist of)
consist of series of interconnected ganglia located on either side of the spinal cord
Four Types Of Glial Cells In The CNS
oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Gas neurotransmitters
dopamine & norepinephrine
Secretion
processing of converting electrical signal to chemical signal then back to electrical in
postsynaptic neuron
Synapse Steps
1 - AP reaches postsynaptic terminal
2 - Ca++ voltage gated channels open
3 - Ca++ binds to vesicles to help them burst
4 - Neurotransmitters in vesicles travel through cleft and bind to postsynaptic ligand
channels
Snare Proteins
docking vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
Summation
sum of all local potential changes at the synapses of a post synaptic neuron
EPSP
excitatory postsynaptic potential, depolarization of postsynaptic neuron
IPSP
inhibitory postsynaptic potential, hyperpolarization of postsynaptic neuron
Two Types Of Summation
temporal and spatial
Temporal Summation
one presynaptic neuron sends multiple signals
Spatial Summation
multiple presynaptic neurons send signals
Frequency
how often action potentials fire per unit of time
Strength Of The Stimulus
stronger stimuli result in more action potentials
Ganglia
cell bodies outside the CNS
Proprioceptors
neurons that send signals to brain about stretching of muscles, tendons, and joints
Free Nerve Endings (are part of what)
temperature and pain
Merkel Cells (are part of what)
light pressure (tactile cell)
, Lamellated Corpuscles (are part of what)
deep pressure, nerve ending embedded in connective tissue
Divisions Of The Sensory PNS
special, somatic, autonomic
Divisions Of The Motor PNS
somatic and autonomic
PNS - SENSORY - SPECIAL
vision, hearing, balance, smell, taste
PNS - SENSORY - SOMATIC
come from muscles, skin, and bone
PNS - SENSORY - AUTONOMIC (visceral)
come from organs
PNS - MOTOR - SOMATIC
to skeletal muscle, voluntary actions
PNS - MOTOR - AUTONOMIC (visceral)
to smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands
Divisions Of The Autonomic Motor System
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic
fight or flight
Parasympathetic
rest and digest
Sympathetic Gland Vs Parasympathetic Gland
sweat vs saliva
Autonomic Sensory Receptors
"visceral" sensory receptors, input from viscera/internal organs, most are
chemoreceptors
Polio Virus
destroyed ventral horn neurons (motor), can affect breathing muscles (diaphram)
Somatic Motor Division Involves ________.
one efferent neuron traveling to a target
Autonomic Motor Division Involves ________.
two efferent neurons, a ganglia, and multiple targets
Divergence
one cell causes many outputs or activations
Convergence
one cell influenced by many others
Parasympathetic Ganglia Are Located Where?
near or within target region
Sympathetic Ganglia Are Located Where?
in the sympathetic trunk
Sympathetic Trunk (location, consist of)
consist of series of interconnected ganglia located on either side of the spinal cord
Four Types Of Glial Cells In The CNS
oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
