BSN 206- PAIN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.Buy
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A patient who presents to the emergency department with mild leg strain
requests nonpharmacologic pain treatment. Which alternative therapies would
the nurse suggest?
yoga, mediatation, and biofeedback
Biofeedback
Biofeedback teaches patients to have voluntary control over the body and the ability to
relieve muscle tension.
Patient will report a pain level of less than 3 on a 0-10 scale within 1 hour of
starting prescribed dose of analgesia.
Short term goals for acute pain
How is somatic pain generally described?
Generally sharp, burning, stabbing, localized, and lasts for a short duration
Pain impulses travel to the spinal cord and brain.
Transmission
What is the function of pain related to protection?
Warning signals about an unmet need or malfunction of the nervous system secondary
to a disease process
What are the different responses to pain?
Motor, sensory, or emotional response to a subjective feeling
what is the function of pain related to warning/symptoms of disease?
warning about a disease or condition: symptoms
disease entity that can be treated
What is the function of pain related to response to injury?
reaction to different types of injury:
thermal injuries- sunburn
mechanical injury- fracture
chemical injury- inhalation of toxic fumes
Ischemic injury- lack of oxygen to body tissue
Factors influencing perception of pain
cognitive, affective/behavioral or sensory
How does alertness affect perception of pain?
An alert patient can recognize, report, and implement behaviors to prevent or relieve
pain.
How does cognitive impairment affect pain perception?
Nonalert patients or those with cognitive disorders may have impaired ability to
perceive, report, prevent, or relieve pain.
What is the impact of Alzheimer's disease on pain expression?
Patients with Alzheimer's or cognitive disorders may not be able to express the location
of pain, prevent pain, or relieve pain, but they can perceive and experience pain.
What are some behavioral responses to pain?
,Behavioral responses to pain include grimaces, clenched teeth, agitation, guarding,
bent posture, and restlessness.
How do patients verbalize pain?
Verbalization of pain may include crying, moaning, or screaming.
What are some psychological responses to pain?
Psychological responses to pain may include anger, irritability, hopelessness, despair,
or anxiety.
How do expectations of patient behaviors influence pain medication
administration?
Expectations of patient behaviors indicating pain influence prescribing and
administering of pain medications. Patients may be more likely to receive pain
medication when they demonstrate behaviors expected of patients in pain.
Why is education on the appropriate use of pharmacologic pain treatments
important?
Education for patients and health care workers regarding the appropriate use of
pharmacologic pain treatments has gained much attention recently in light of the opioid
crisis resulting from widespread misuse of opioids.
How does any loss of sensory function affect a patient's awareness of pain?
Patients may not be able to sense, communicate, prevent, or respond to pain.
What sensory experiences might patients in pain exhibit?
Patients in pain may feel overstimulated or demonstrate sensitivity to light, sound, and
smells.
Who originally presented Pattern Theory?
John Paul Nafe in 1929
What does Pattern Theory propose?
The physiologic basis of pain
What is the foundation for the gate control theory of pain?
Pattern Theory
How does the brain interpret sensations according to Pattern Theory?
By deciphering the unique pattern or sequence of signals
What determines whether the brain interprets stimuli as pain in Pattern Theory?
The pattern of signals relayed to the brain
Who presented the Gate Control Theory of Pain?
Melzack and Wall (1965)
What is the role of the dorsal horn in the Gate Control Theory of Pain?
It provides a gating mechanism to determine whether pain signals are transmitted to the
brain.
How does the Gate Control Theory explain pain perception?
It states that signals at the gate in the spinal cord determine whether pain is felt. Closing
the gate blocks pain signals from reaching the brain.
How can state-of-mind affect pain perception according to the Gate Control
Theory?
State-of-mind and lifestyle choices can influence the intensity of pain stimuli. For
example, depression may keep the gate open more often, leading to increased pain
perception.
Who introduced the Neuromatrix theory?
, Ronald Melzack
When was the Neuromatrix theory introduced?
2001
What does the Neuromatrix theory propose about pain sensation?
Central nervous system is responsible, not injury at the periphery
What is the neuromatrix according to the theory?
Genetically controlled network of neurons affected by various experiences
What is a neurosignature in the context of the Neuromatrix theory?
Signal created by the neuromatrix
How does the Neuromatrix theory explain the perception of painful stimuli?
Through a network of neurons influenced by subjective experiences
What role does tissue trauma play in the Neuromatrix theory?
Can initiate or affect but not create a neurosignature
What allows the same sensation to be felt in the future according to the
Neuromatrix theory?
Memories of the experience and alterations in signals
Which statement provides an accurate description of pain?
pain is subjective
Which cues reflect psychological responses to pain?
Anger, anxiety, irritability, hopelessness
Which cues reflect verbal responses to pain?
Crying, moaning, screaming
Sensations relay a unique sequence of signals to the brain.
pattern theory
A mechanism in the spinal cord determines if pain signals reach the brain
Gate Control theory
The central nervous system is responsible for pain sensation
Neuromatrix theory
Nociceptors
a peripheral nerve ending, or sensory neuron, that initiates the sensation of pain by
sending "threat" stimuli to the spinal cord and brain and is sensitive to thermal,
mechanical, and chemical stimuli
Where are nociceptors located?
they distributed throughout the body in joints, muscles, skin, and viscera (internal
organs), but density differs in each area
High Density Nociceptors
Skin, extremely sensitive to pain
Lower density nociceptor
Joints and tissues, less sensitive than skin
Lowest density nociceptor
Internal organs, respond only to painful stimuli, e.g., on palpation or when infection is
present
Frontal lobe in regards to nociceptor
The affective-motivational aspect of the brain conveys the degree of unpleasantness of
the pain experience.
Parietal lobe in regards to nociceptor
Quality Materials!
A patient who presents to the emergency department with mild leg strain
requests nonpharmacologic pain treatment. Which alternative therapies would
the nurse suggest?
yoga, mediatation, and biofeedback
Biofeedback
Biofeedback teaches patients to have voluntary control over the body and the ability to
relieve muscle tension.
Patient will report a pain level of less than 3 on a 0-10 scale within 1 hour of
starting prescribed dose of analgesia.
Short term goals for acute pain
How is somatic pain generally described?
Generally sharp, burning, stabbing, localized, and lasts for a short duration
Pain impulses travel to the spinal cord and brain.
Transmission
What is the function of pain related to protection?
Warning signals about an unmet need or malfunction of the nervous system secondary
to a disease process
What are the different responses to pain?
Motor, sensory, or emotional response to a subjective feeling
what is the function of pain related to warning/symptoms of disease?
warning about a disease or condition: symptoms
disease entity that can be treated
What is the function of pain related to response to injury?
reaction to different types of injury:
thermal injuries- sunburn
mechanical injury- fracture
chemical injury- inhalation of toxic fumes
Ischemic injury- lack of oxygen to body tissue
Factors influencing perception of pain
cognitive, affective/behavioral or sensory
How does alertness affect perception of pain?
An alert patient can recognize, report, and implement behaviors to prevent or relieve
pain.
How does cognitive impairment affect pain perception?
Nonalert patients or those with cognitive disorders may have impaired ability to
perceive, report, prevent, or relieve pain.
What is the impact of Alzheimer's disease on pain expression?
Patients with Alzheimer's or cognitive disorders may not be able to express the location
of pain, prevent pain, or relieve pain, but they can perceive and experience pain.
What are some behavioral responses to pain?
,Behavioral responses to pain include grimaces, clenched teeth, agitation, guarding,
bent posture, and restlessness.
How do patients verbalize pain?
Verbalization of pain may include crying, moaning, or screaming.
What are some psychological responses to pain?
Psychological responses to pain may include anger, irritability, hopelessness, despair,
or anxiety.
How do expectations of patient behaviors influence pain medication
administration?
Expectations of patient behaviors indicating pain influence prescribing and
administering of pain medications. Patients may be more likely to receive pain
medication when they demonstrate behaviors expected of patients in pain.
Why is education on the appropriate use of pharmacologic pain treatments
important?
Education for patients and health care workers regarding the appropriate use of
pharmacologic pain treatments has gained much attention recently in light of the opioid
crisis resulting from widespread misuse of opioids.
How does any loss of sensory function affect a patient's awareness of pain?
Patients may not be able to sense, communicate, prevent, or respond to pain.
What sensory experiences might patients in pain exhibit?
Patients in pain may feel overstimulated or demonstrate sensitivity to light, sound, and
smells.
Who originally presented Pattern Theory?
John Paul Nafe in 1929
What does Pattern Theory propose?
The physiologic basis of pain
What is the foundation for the gate control theory of pain?
Pattern Theory
How does the brain interpret sensations according to Pattern Theory?
By deciphering the unique pattern or sequence of signals
What determines whether the brain interprets stimuli as pain in Pattern Theory?
The pattern of signals relayed to the brain
Who presented the Gate Control Theory of Pain?
Melzack and Wall (1965)
What is the role of the dorsal horn in the Gate Control Theory of Pain?
It provides a gating mechanism to determine whether pain signals are transmitted to the
brain.
How does the Gate Control Theory explain pain perception?
It states that signals at the gate in the spinal cord determine whether pain is felt. Closing
the gate blocks pain signals from reaching the brain.
How can state-of-mind affect pain perception according to the Gate Control
Theory?
State-of-mind and lifestyle choices can influence the intensity of pain stimuli. For
example, depression may keep the gate open more often, leading to increased pain
perception.
Who introduced the Neuromatrix theory?
, Ronald Melzack
When was the Neuromatrix theory introduced?
2001
What does the Neuromatrix theory propose about pain sensation?
Central nervous system is responsible, not injury at the periphery
What is the neuromatrix according to the theory?
Genetically controlled network of neurons affected by various experiences
What is a neurosignature in the context of the Neuromatrix theory?
Signal created by the neuromatrix
How does the Neuromatrix theory explain the perception of painful stimuli?
Through a network of neurons influenced by subjective experiences
What role does tissue trauma play in the Neuromatrix theory?
Can initiate or affect but not create a neurosignature
What allows the same sensation to be felt in the future according to the
Neuromatrix theory?
Memories of the experience and alterations in signals
Which statement provides an accurate description of pain?
pain is subjective
Which cues reflect psychological responses to pain?
Anger, anxiety, irritability, hopelessness
Which cues reflect verbal responses to pain?
Crying, moaning, screaming
Sensations relay a unique sequence of signals to the brain.
pattern theory
A mechanism in the spinal cord determines if pain signals reach the brain
Gate Control theory
The central nervous system is responsible for pain sensation
Neuromatrix theory
Nociceptors
a peripheral nerve ending, or sensory neuron, that initiates the sensation of pain by
sending "threat" stimuli to the spinal cord and brain and is sensitive to thermal,
mechanical, and chemical stimuli
Where are nociceptors located?
they distributed throughout the body in joints, muscles, skin, and viscera (internal
organs), but density differs in each area
High Density Nociceptors
Skin, extremely sensitive to pain
Lower density nociceptor
Joints and tissues, less sensitive than skin
Lowest density nociceptor
Internal organs, respond only to painful stimuli, e.g., on palpation or when infection is
present
Frontal lobe in regards to nociceptor
The affective-motivational aspect of the brain conveys the degree of unpleasantness of
the pain experience.
Parietal lobe in regards to nociceptor
