Teas 7 Human Anatomy and Physiology With Pictures

Teas 7 Human Anatomy and Physiology With Pictures Sagittal Plane Divides the body, or any body part, vertically into and left sections. Runs parallel to the midline of the body Coronal(frontal) Plane Divides the body, or any body structure, vertically into front and(anterior and posterior) sections. Runs vertically through the body at right angle to the midline. Transverse(horizontal) Plane Divides the patient's body into imaginary upper(superior) and lower(inferior) halves. Medial means nearer to the midline of the body Lateral is the opposite of medial. Refers to structures further away from the body's midline, at the sides Proximal refers to structures closer to the center of the body Distal Refers to the structures further away from the center of the body Anterior Front body structures Posterior Back body structures Cephalad or cephalic are adverbs meaning towards the head. Cranial is the skull Caudad Is an adverb meaning towards the tail or posterior. Caudal means hindquarters Superior and Inferior above, closer the head below, closer the feet Abdominal Regions Right Hypochondriac- right kidney, liver, gallbladder, and small intestines Epigastric- stomach, liver, adrenal glands, pancreas, spleen Left Hypochondriac- left kidney, spleen, pancreas, colon Right Lumbar- ascending colon, liver, gallbladder Umbilical- small intestines, duodenum, umbilicus Left Lumbar- descending colon, left kidney Right lilac- cecum, appendix Hypogastric- bladder, female internal reproductive organs, sigmoid colon Left iliac- descending and sigmoid colon Abdominal Quadrants Right upper quadrant- Duodenum, part of the ascending and transverse colon, hepatic flexure, liver, gallbladder, pancreas(head) right kidney, and right adrenal gland Right lower quadrant- cecum, appendix, right ureter, right fallopian tubes, and right ovary Left upper quadrant- stomach, liver, pancreas, left kidney, left adrenal gland, splenic flexure, spleen, part of transverse and descending colon Left lower quadrant- left ureter, left fallopian tube, left ovary, part of descending colon, and sigmoid colon Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity- is above the diaphragm and contains the lungs and the mediastinum, which separates the cavity into right and left compartment. The heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland lie within the mediastinum. Abdominopelvic cavity- extends below the diaphragm to the pelvic floor, contains the upper abdominal cavity and the lower pelvic cavity. The organs within the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, intestines. The pelvic cavity, encased in the pelvic bones, contains the internal reproductive organs, the bladder, and the distal part of the colon. Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity- encased in cranial bones at the bottom and the skull cap the top, this cavity contains the brain, the 12 cranial nerves, and the pituitary gland. The meninges line the cavity and surround the brains and the spinal cord and contain CSF between the arachnoid mater and pia mater in the subarachnoid space. The meninges and CSF protect and cushion the dorsal cavity. Vertebral cavity- contains the vertebrae and the spinal cord. The meninges extend from the cranial cavity to enclose the vertebral cavity. Cardiovascular system Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions, and fluids throughout the body and removes metabolic wastes. Heart function Epicardium-outer layer, which protects the heart and secretes lubricating serous fluid Myocardium-middle layer, which contracts to pump blood. Endocardium- innermost layer, which lines the chambers and valves Chambers of the heart and their function The superior "receiving" chambers are the atria Right atrium- receives blood from the vena cava Left atrium- receives blood from the pulmonary veins The muscular "discharging" chambers are the ventricles Right ventricle- pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk Left Ventricle- pumps blood into the aorta. Tricuspid valve (right AV valve) Prevents back flow of blood into the right atrium when the ventricle contracts Pulmonary semilunar valve prevents the return of blood into the right ventricle. Bicuspid valve(left AV valve) prevents blood from entering the left atrium when the ventricle contracts. Blood flow in the heart -Oxygen poor blood enter right atrium and flows into right ventricle via vena cava -Blood is pumped from right ventricle into pulmonary artery (goes into lungs) -Oxygen rich blood returns to heart via pulmonary vein and enters left atrium and