Neuroendocrine Control Systems 1 (Physio Quiz 2) |Questions
and Answers
If the cells want to guarantee survival of the organism, they need to constantly **
Answ** Communicate
Cell to cell communication may occur where? ** Answ** Locally or over long
distances
Cells communicate over long distances through ** Answ** Electrochemical (gap
junctions) and chemical signaling (hormones and neurotransmitters)
Cell communication locally through ** Answ** physical contact (epithelial cells)
Gap junctions ** Answ** (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels
between adjacent cells
Gap junctions are very important in which cells ** Answ** Heart cells
Cells synthesize and release chemical messengers, including ** Answ** Proteins,
steroids, lipids, and gases
What determines the transport and entrance of the cells messengers inside cells? **
Answ** Chemical properties of the cells (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, negative, positive)
Messengers must bind to ** Answ** Specific receptor proteins on or inside target
cells to elicit a response
The binding of a messenger to its receptor initiates ** Answ** A cascade (chain-
reaction) of intracellular signals leading to a cellular response
To prevent prolonged or inappropriate signaling the messanger signal must ** Answ**
Be terminated though degradation or receptor internalization (reuptake)
Some medications inhibit ** Answ** The reuptake of the messenger so that it stays
in the synapse for longer to stimulate the next neuron for a longer time
autocrine signaling ** Answ** a cell targets itself
, Signaling across gap junctions ** Answ** a cell targets a cell connected by gap
junctions
paracrine signaling ** Answ** a cell targets a nearby cell
endocrine signaling ** Answ** a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
Autocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, and signaling across gap junctions are very
important in ** Answ** The immune system
How is autocrine signaling used in the immune system ** Answ** B cells and T cells
that are stimulated to initiate an immune response target themselves by stimulating their
own cell division and activation (autocrine)
How is paracrine signaling used in the immune system ** Answ** B cells and T cells
that are stimulated to initiate an immune response release chemicals to activate other
cells nearby (paracrine)
How is signaling by gap junctions used in the immune system ** Answ** Natural
killer T cells bind to invader cells and create gap junctions to release chemicals that
destroy the target cell
interferon response ** Answ** warns nearby cells that a virus is present (paracrine)
What determines the action of a messenger? ** Answ** The type of receptor its
binding to
Presynaptic cell could be ** Answ** The axon or the end of the axon of a neuron
In a synapse neurotransmitters are stored where ** Answ** In vesicles the fuse with
the membrane of the axon to release neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are released from ** Answ** synaptic vesicles in presynaptic cells
Neurotransmitters bind to ** Answ** receptor proteins on postsynaptic cell
postsynaptic cells could be ** Answ** A dendrite of another neuron, muscle cells, or
a gland cell
and Answers
If the cells want to guarantee survival of the organism, they need to constantly **
Answ** Communicate
Cell to cell communication may occur where? ** Answ** Locally or over long
distances
Cells communicate over long distances through ** Answ** Electrochemical (gap
junctions) and chemical signaling (hormones and neurotransmitters)
Cell communication locally through ** Answ** physical contact (epithelial cells)
Gap junctions ** Answ** (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels
between adjacent cells
Gap junctions are very important in which cells ** Answ** Heart cells
Cells synthesize and release chemical messengers, including ** Answ** Proteins,
steroids, lipids, and gases
What determines the transport and entrance of the cells messengers inside cells? **
Answ** Chemical properties of the cells (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, negative, positive)
Messengers must bind to ** Answ** Specific receptor proteins on or inside target
cells to elicit a response
The binding of a messenger to its receptor initiates ** Answ** A cascade (chain-
reaction) of intracellular signals leading to a cellular response
To prevent prolonged or inappropriate signaling the messanger signal must ** Answ**
Be terminated though degradation or receptor internalization (reuptake)
Some medications inhibit ** Answ** The reuptake of the messenger so that it stays
in the synapse for longer to stimulate the next neuron for a longer time
autocrine signaling ** Answ** a cell targets itself
, Signaling across gap junctions ** Answ** a cell targets a cell connected by gap
junctions
paracrine signaling ** Answ** a cell targets a nearby cell
endocrine signaling ** Answ** a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
Autocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, and signaling across gap junctions are very
important in ** Answ** The immune system
How is autocrine signaling used in the immune system ** Answ** B cells and T cells
that are stimulated to initiate an immune response target themselves by stimulating their
own cell division and activation (autocrine)
How is paracrine signaling used in the immune system ** Answ** B cells and T cells
that are stimulated to initiate an immune response release chemicals to activate other
cells nearby (paracrine)
How is signaling by gap junctions used in the immune system ** Answ** Natural
killer T cells bind to invader cells and create gap junctions to release chemicals that
destroy the target cell
interferon response ** Answ** warns nearby cells that a virus is present (paracrine)
What determines the action of a messenger? ** Answ** The type of receptor its
binding to
Presynaptic cell could be ** Answ** The axon or the end of the axon of a neuron
In a synapse neurotransmitters are stored where ** Answ** In vesicles the fuse with
the membrane of the axon to release neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are released from ** Answ** synaptic vesicles in presynaptic cells
Neurotransmitters bind to ** Answ** receptor proteins on postsynaptic cell
postsynaptic cells could be ** Answ** A dendrite of another neuron, muscle cells, or
a gland cell
