Applied Statistics for Clinical
Research (HLSC 3450) with
complete verified solutions
2025-2026
Operationalization - answer Process of defining how a variable should be
measured in a study
e.g.: questionnaire, observation, interview
What are the 2 different types of independent variables? - answer 1.
Attribute
2. Active/manipulated
Independent variable (attribute) - answer Pre-existing characteristics of
research participants or a situation, things that cannot be manipulated or
controlled by the researchers
e.g.: age, eye colour, ethnicity, birth place, finger print
Where types of studies is the independent variable (attribute) used in? -
answer 1. Observational
2. Experimental
Independent Variable (Active/manipulated) - answer Can be controlled,
manipulated, or purposely changed by the researched in order to achieve
pre-stated research goals
e.g: placebo versus actual drug given to research participants
,The independent variable (active/manipulated) is usually used in what
kind of study? - answer Experimental studies (can draw cause-effect
conclusions)
Dependent Variable (DV) - answer Measures the outcome/independent
variable
Changes in the values of the IV result in changes in the values of the DV
Extraneous Variable (EV) - answer -The nuisance variable
-Not of primary interest to researcher or study
-EVs may affect the DV, but the research study Is not interested in their
effects
-Effects of EVs are often controlled by researchers
-e.g.: Effects of smoking on lung cancer, but there are other factors that
can put individuals at risk for developing lung cancer
The extraneous variable (EV)/confounding variable is an independent
variable.
TRUE
FALSE - answer TRUE
It is an independent variable whose effects on the dependent variable
cannot be differentiated from the other IV because of its relation to both
Research question - answer Statement that researchers seek to answer or
address
What are the 3 types of research questions? - answer 1. Descriptive
2. Associational
3. Difference
Descriptive Questions - answer Describe what is going on, summarizes
data
, Associational Questions - answer Look at the relationship (link) between
two or more variables
Difference Questions - answer Designed to assess differences
(comparison) between two or more groups
Research Hypothesis - answer Proposed explanation for an observation or
phenomenon
What are the 2 types of statitstics? - answer 1. Descriptive
2. Inferential
Descriptive Statistics - answer -Descriptive basic features of data
-Provide simple summaries about the characteristics of data
Inferential Statistics - answer -Draw conclusions about data
-Conclusions to be drawn about relationships between different variables
Sampling - answer Process of selecting research units (people,
organizations, etc) from a study population
Sample (n) - answer Small group of people selected from a target
population to participate in a research study
What do researchers try to do with the data collected from studying a
sample? - answer Main goal is to generalize their results
What is the purpose of sampling? - answer To obtain a sample that is
representative of the target population so that statistical inferences can
be confidently made about the population parameters and characteristics
Research (HLSC 3450) with
complete verified solutions
2025-2026
Operationalization - answer Process of defining how a variable should be
measured in a study
e.g.: questionnaire, observation, interview
What are the 2 different types of independent variables? - answer 1.
Attribute
2. Active/manipulated
Independent variable (attribute) - answer Pre-existing characteristics of
research participants or a situation, things that cannot be manipulated or
controlled by the researchers
e.g.: age, eye colour, ethnicity, birth place, finger print
Where types of studies is the independent variable (attribute) used in? -
answer 1. Observational
2. Experimental
Independent Variable (Active/manipulated) - answer Can be controlled,
manipulated, or purposely changed by the researched in order to achieve
pre-stated research goals
e.g: placebo versus actual drug given to research participants
,The independent variable (active/manipulated) is usually used in what
kind of study? - answer Experimental studies (can draw cause-effect
conclusions)
Dependent Variable (DV) - answer Measures the outcome/independent
variable
Changes in the values of the IV result in changes in the values of the DV
Extraneous Variable (EV) - answer -The nuisance variable
-Not of primary interest to researcher or study
-EVs may affect the DV, but the research study Is not interested in their
effects
-Effects of EVs are often controlled by researchers
-e.g.: Effects of smoking on lung cancer, but there are other factors that
can put individuals at risk for developing lung cancer
The extraneous variable (EV)/confounding variable is an independent
variable.
TRUE
FALSE - answer TRUE
It is an independent variable whose effects on the dependent variable
cannot be differentiated from the other IV because of its relation to both
Research question - answer Statement that researchers seek to answer or
address
What are the 3 types of research questions? - answer 1. Descriptive
2. Associational
3. Difference
Descriptive Questions - answer Describe what is going on, summarizes
data
, Associational Questions - answer Look at the relationship (link) between
two or more variables
Difference Questions - answer Designed to assess differences
(comparison) between two or more groups
Research Hypothesis - answer Proposed explanation for an observation or
phenomenon
What are the 2 types of statitstics? - answer 1. Descriptive
2. Inferential
Descriptive Statistics - answer -Descriptive basic features of data
-Provide simple summaries about the characteristics of data
Inferential Statistics - answer -Draw conclusions about data
-Conclusions to be drawn about relationships between different variables
Sampling - answer Process of selecting research units (people,
organizations, etc) from a study population
Sample (n) - answer Small group of people selected from a target
population to participate in a research study
What do researchers try to do with the data collected from studying a
sample? - answer Main goal is to generalize their results
What is the purpose of sampling? - answer To obtain a sample that is
representative of the target population so that statistical inferences can
be confidently made about the population parameters and characteristics
