NUR 3450 Final Exam
questions and answers 2025
what is case fatality rate?
determined by taking the number of fatal cases and dividing it by the total
number of cases.
What is a comprehensive assessment?
the collection of data about the populations living within the community,
an assessment of the assets within a community such as the local health
department capacity, and identification of problems and issues in the
community (unmet needs, health disparity) and opportunities for action.
what is a population-focused assessment?
An assessment can be focused on a specific population for purposes of
planning and developing intervention programs. A population-focused
assessment, for example, might focus on pregnant women or immigrants
living within a community.
what is a setting-specific assessment?
Assessments can also be focused on a specific setting. Assessments of
this nature may focus on identifying the strengths and weaknesses of an
organization or policies and programs within an organization. Similar to
other assessments, a setting-specific assessment requires a clear
understanding of the purpose of the assessment to proceed in an
organized manner.
what is a problem- or issue-based assessment?
An assessment can help a community identify physical activity and
nutrition policies, practices, and environmental conditions within the local
community at large, such as worksites, school systems, and the health-
care delivery system.
what is a health impact assessment?
a means of assessing the health impacts of policies, plans, and projects in
diverse economic sectors using quantitative, qualitative, and participatory
techniques. HIA methods are used to evaluate the impact of policies and
projects on health, and a successful HIA is one in which its findings are
considered by decision-makers to inform the development and
implementation of policies, programs, or projects. HIAs are often
,associated with assessments of the environment or assessments focused
on the social influences of large projects.
what is a rapid needs assessment?
a tool that helps establish the extent and possible evolution of an
emergency by measuring the present and potential public health impact of
an emergency, determining existing response capacity, and identifying
any additional immediate needs. A rapid needs assessment is an effective
use of limited resources and in general involves a straightforward
collection of data. It is undertaken immediately after a disaster or event
usually during the first week. The goal is to understand immediate needs,
determine possible courses of action, and identify resource requirements.
what is the prevalence pot?
a way of depicting the total number of cases of a disease in the population
that takes into account issues related to the duration of the disease and
the incidence of the disease.
what is prevalence?
total number of cases/total population
what is incidence?
the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a
specified period of time.
what is an epidemiologic triangle?
A useful framework to use in examining human-environment interactions
and their potential impact on health of individuals, families, and
communities is the well-established epidemiological triangle, which
describes the relationship between an agent (exposure), host (human),
and environment (the complex setting in which agent and host come
together)
What are the social determinants of health?
-refer to the environmental conditions in which people live and work.-
Neighborhood, built environment, level of economic stability, availability
of education, social and community context, and health and availability of
healthcare.
,what are interventions for health inequity?
Addressing health inequity requires providing persons with the
opportunity for optimal health. This may require more services for those
who have non-communicable chronic diseases and are on a fixed income
compared to persons in general good health and who are in higher income
brackets. Nurses address health inequity in a variety of ways beginning
with advocacy. For example, nurses on the front lines with patients who
have difficulty affording their prescriptions advocate for those patients by
identifying pharmacies that aid as well as other sources of help to pay for
medications. Nurses also advocate for healthcare policies aimed at
addressing health inequalities at the local, state, and national levels. They
also actively provide improved care for those in need through nurse-
managed clinics or by working as outreach nurses for the public health
department.
What is equity?
the underlying concept behind optimum health as a basic human right
how does race impact life expectancy?
Experiencing marginalization, stigma, racism, and discrimination increases
vulnerability when coupled with the social determinants of health of
poverty, education, and place
how does education impact life expectancy?
With higher levels of education, a person is more likely to secure a better
job, which in turn provides a higher rate of pay. By contrast, a person who
does not earn a high school diploma has more difficulty finding a job that
pays a living wage (a wage that provides access to the means of a healthy
living, e.g., housing, food, and health care).
how does income impact life expectancy?
-Communities with a higher level of poverty are less apt to be able to
provide community-level resources, which include grocery stores, parks
and recreation facilities, quality schools, and public transportation. There
are also fewer employment opportunities and limited access to health
care.-Economic factors are, perhaps, the most important factor influencing
the health status of an individual or group. Lower socioeconomic status is
associated with increased vulnerability. Socioeconomic status (SES) is a
, composite measure of the interrelated concepts of income, education, and
occupation.
what is a cohort study?
studies that follow a specific population, subset of the population, or
group of people over a specified period of time. Cohort studies can be
effective in generating a wealth of data relating to the population of
interest.
what is a case-control study?
allows the epidemiologist to compare the ratio of disease in those exposed
to a risk factor with those who were not exposed to the same risk factor.
what is a cross-sectional study?
examine risk factors and disease using data collected at the same point in
time. It is easy to remember that a cross-sectional study provides an
estimate of the disease status or frequency at one point in time; thus, it is
truly a cross-section of the disease or illness within the population of
interest at a given moment in time. It is also called a prevalence study.
However, because they are cross-sectional, they do not provide a
temporal, or time-related, sequence of events.
what is an outbreak investigation?
is in response to elevated levels of a disease or illness within the defined
population. Outbreak investigations can occur in relation to communicable
diseases, chronic disease, and exposure to toxic agents.
what are health characteristics of urban populations?
Urban environments also have marked disparities in socioeconomic status,
crime rates, violence, and psychosocial distress. Mental health stressors
and exposure to violence and trauma can cause or exacerbate mental
health disorders. In densely populated areas, exercise resources may be
limited, and air quality may be poor, which puts people with chronic
respiratory disease at risk. Urban areas also usually include more
economic and educational options, access to diverse social networks, and
more and better-quality health and social resources closer to the
population.
what are health characteristics of rural populations?
about one-third of rural dwellers lose all of their teeth by age 65 for lack
of dental services and fluoridation. Some 2,000 rural communities have
only one pharmacist, who often is the only local health-care provider.
Rural residents experience greater rates of chronic disease than any other
segment of the U.S. population. Racial and ethnic minorities comprise 15%
of the total rural population and 30% of the rural poor population. • The
patient-to-primary care physician ratio in rural areas is only 39.8
questions and answers 2025
what is case fatality rate?
determined by taking the number of fatal cases and dividing it by the total
number of cases.
What is a comprehensive assessment?
the collection of data about the populations living within the community,
an assessment of the assets within a community such as the local health
department capacity, and identification of problems and issues in the
community (unmet needs, health disparity) and opportunities for action.
what is a population-focused assessment?
An assessment can be focused on a specific population for purposes of
planning and developing intervention programs. A population-focused
assessment, for example, might focus on pregnant women or immigrants
living within a community.
what is a setting-specific assessment?
Assessments can also be focused on a specific setting. Assessments of
this nature may focus on identifying the strengths and weaknesses of an
organization or policies and programs within an organization. Similar to
other assessments, a setting-specific assessment requires a clear
understanding of the purpose of the assessment to proceed in an
organized manner.
what is a problem- or issue-based assessment?
An assessment can help a community identify physical activity and
nutrition policies, practices, and environmental conditions within the local
community at large, such as worksites, school systems, and the health-
care delivery system.
what is a health impact assessment?
a means of assessing the health impacts of policies, plans, and projects in
diverse economic sectors using quantitative, qualitative, and participatory
techniques. HIA methods are used to evaluate the impact of policies and
projects on health, and a successful HIA is one in which its findings are
considered by decision-makers to inform the development and
implementation of policies, programs, or projects. HIAs are often
,associated with assessments of the environment or assessments focused
on the social influences of large projects.
what is a rapid needs assessment?
a tool that helps establish the extent and possible evolution of an
emergency by measuring the present and potential public health impact of
an emergency, determining existing response capacity, and identifying
any additional immediate needs. A rapid needs assessment is an effective
use of limited resources and in general involves a straightforward
collection of data. It is undertaken immediately after a disaster or event
usually during the first week. The goal is to understand immediate needs,
determine possible courses of action, and identify resource requirements.
what is the prevalence pot?
a way of depicting the total number of cases of a disease in the population
that takes into account issues related to the duration of the disease and
the incidence of the disease.
what is prevalence?
total number of cases/total population
what is incidence?
the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a
specified period of time.
what is an epidemiologic triangle?
A useful framework to use in examining human-environment interactions
and their potential impact on health of individuals, families, and
communities is the well-established epidemiological triangle, which
describes the relationship between an agent (exposure), host (human),
and environment (the complex setting in which agent and host come
together)
What are the social determinants of health?
-refer to the environmental conditions in which people live and work.-
Neighborhood, built environment, level of economic stability, availability
of education, social and community context, and health and availability of
healthcare.
,what are interventions for health inequity?
Addressing health inequity requires providing persons with the
opportunity for optimal health. This may require more services for those
who have non-communicable chronic diseases and are on a fixed income
compared to persons in general good health and who are in higher income
brackets. Nurses address health inequity in a variety of ways beginning
with advocacy. For example, nurses on the front lines with patients who
have difficulty affording their prescriptions advocate for those patients by
identifying pharmacies that aid as well as other sources of help to pay for
medications. Nurses also advocate for healthcare policies aimed at
addressing health inequalities at the local, state, and national levels. They
also actively provide improved care for those in need through nurse-
managed clinics or by working as outreach nurses for the public health
department.
What is equity?
the underlying concept behind optimum health as a basic human right
how does race impact life expectancy?
Experiencing marginalization, stigma, racism, and discrimination increases
vulnerability when coupled with the social determinants of health of
poverty, education, and place
how does education impact life expectancy?
With higher levels of education, a person is more likely to secure a better
job, which in turn provides a higher rate of pay. By contrast, a person who
does not earn a high school diploma has more difficulty finding a job that
pays a living wage (a wage that provides access to the means of a healthy
living, e.g., housing, food, and health care).
how does income impact life expectancy?
-Communities with a higher level of poverty are less apt to be able to
provide community-level resources, which include grocery stores, parks
and recreation facilities, quality schools, and public transportation. There
are also fewer employment opportunities and limited access to health
care.-Economic factors are, perhaps, the most important factor influencing
the health status of an individual or group. Lower socioeconomic status is
associated with increased vulnerability. Socioeconomic status (SES) is a
, composite measure of the interrelated concepts of income, education, and
occupation.
what is a cohort study?
studies that follow a specific population, subset of the population, or
group of people over a specified period of time. Cohort studies can be
effective in generating a wealth of data relating to the population of
interest.
what is a case-control study?
allows the epidemiologist to compare the ratio of disease in those exposed
to a risk factor with those who were not exposed to the same risk factor.
what is a cross-sectional study?
examine risk factors and disease using data collected at the same point in
time. It is easy to remember that a cross-sectional study provides an
estimate of the disease status or frequency at one point in time; thus, it is
truly a cross-section of the disease or illness within the population of
interest at a given moment in time. It is also called a prevalence study.
However, because they are cross-sectional, they do not provide a
temporal, or time-related, sequence of events.
what is an outbreak investigation?
is in response to elevated levels of a disease or illness within the defined
population. Outbreak investigations can occur in relation to communicable
diseases, chronic disease, and exposure to toxic agents.
what are health characteristics of urban populations?
Urban environments also have marked disparities in socioeconomic status,
crime rates, violence, and psychosocial distress. Mental health stressors
and exposure to violence and trauma can cause or exacerbate mental
health disorders. In densely populated areas, exercise resources may be
limited, and air quality may be poor, which puts people with chronic
respiratory disease at risk. Urban areas also usually include more
economic and educational options, access to diverse social networks, and
more and better-quality health and social resources closer to the
population.
what are health characteristics of rural populations?
about one-third of rural dwellers lose all of their teeth by age 65 for lack
of dental services and fluoridation. Some 2,000 rural communities have
only one pharmacist, who often is the only local health-care provider.
Rural residents experience greater rates of chronic disease than any other
segment of the U.S. population. Racial and ethnic minorities comprise 15%
of the total rural population and 30% of the rural poor population. • The
patient-to-primary care physician ratio in rural areas is only 39.8
