Stats 3450 Final: Chapter 1
test with complete verified
solutions 2025-2026
Population - answer Entire collection of individuals being studied or
information sought.
Ex. American voters, circuit boards at a plant, temperature reading of
covid patients
Sample - answer Subset of population containing the objects or outcomes
that are actually observed
Ex. 1034 randomly selected American voters
Variable - answer Characteristic of each individual being studied.
Numerical (quantitative) or categorical (qualitative)
Univariate data - answer Data set with a single variable
Multivariate data - answer Data set with two or more variables
Census, simple random, convenience, stratified, systematic, cluster,
weighted - answer Types of sampling methods
Census - answer Sample every member of population
Advantages: Accuracy
Disadvantages: Time, money, difficult
Simple random sampling - answer Every collection of n population items is
equally likely to comprise the sample
, Sampling independence - answer Knowing values of some of the items
does not help to predict the values of the others
Convenience Sampling - answer Sampling through a not well drawn and
defined random method
Disadvantage: Biased
Stratified Sampling - answer Break population into strata (mutually
exclusive subgroups). Sample from each strata, combine to form overall
sample
Systematic sampling - answer Sample every k^th individual.
ie. every 3rd, 5th, ... etc
Cluster sampling - answer Break population into clusters (mutually
exclusive subgroups). Choose a couple clusters. Sample everyone in those
clusters.
Weighted sampling - answer Some items given a greater chance of being
selected. Like a lottery where some have more tickets than others.
controlled experiment - answer Researcher controls independent
variable(s)
observational study - answer Researcher does not manipulate/control the
independent variable(s)
Qualitative data - answer descriptive, categorical data
Quantitative data - answer Numeric, mathematical data
Summary statistics - answer statistics that summarize a great deal of
numerical information about a distribution, such as the mean and the
standard deviation
test with complete verified
solutions 2025-2026
Population - answer Entire collection of individuals being studied or
information sought.
Ex. American voters, circuit boards at a plant, temperature reading of
covid patients
Sample - answer Subset of population containing the objects or outcomes
that are actually observed
Ex. 1034 randomly selected American voters
Variable - answer Characteristic of each individual being studied.
Numerical (quantitative) or categorical (qualitative)
Univariate data - answer Data set with a single variable
Multivariate data - answer Data set with two or more variables
Census, simple random, convenience, stratified, systematic, cluster,
weighted - answer Types of sampling methods
Census - answer Sample every member of population
Advantages: Accuracy
Disadvantages: Time, money, difficult
Simple random sampling - answer Every collection of n population items is
equally likely to comprise the sample
, Sampling independence - answer Knowing values of some of the items
does not help to predict the values of the others
Convenience Sampling - answer Sampling through a not well drawn and
defined random method
Disadvantage: Biased
Stratified Sampling - answer Break population into strata (mutually
exclusive subgroups). Sample from each strata, combine to form overall
sample
Systematic sampling - answer Sample every k^th individual.
ie. every 3rd, 5th, ... etc
Cluster sampling - answer Break population into clusters (mutually
exclusive subgroups). Choose a couple clusters. Sample everyone in those
clusters.
Weighted sampling - answer Some items given a greater chance of being
selected. Like a lottery where some have more tickets than others.
controlled experiment - answer Researcher controls independent
variable(s)
observational study - answer Researcher does not manipulate/control the
independent variable(s)
Qualitative data - answer descriptive, categorical data
Quantitative data - answer Numeric, mathematical data
Summary statistics - answer statistics that summarize a great deal of
numerical information about a distribution, such as the mean and the
standard deviation
