Exam 1 NUR 288 with
complete verified solutions
2025-2026
PE - answer obstruction of blood flow in part of the pulmonary vascular
system by an embolus traveling from one area of the body to another.
sources of PE - answer -tumors that have invaded the venous circulation
-fat or bone marrow entering the circulation from fracture to trauma
-amniotic fluid released into circulation during childbirth
-intravenous injection of air or other foreign substances
what is heart failure? - answer the heart cannot fill with enough blood or
the inability of the heart to pump with enough force to meet the metabolic
demands. heart failure can be acute or chronic.
gestational hypertension - answer -occurs in the second half pregnancy in
a previously normotensive mother
-dx is made when when BP is greater than or equal to 140/90 on at least
two occasions that are at least 6 hours apart after 20 weeks gestation
preeclampsia - answer -same criteria as gestations hypertension
-accompanied by signs of end organ damage
superimposed preeclampsia - answer occurs when a women previously
diagnosed with chronic hypertension develops worsening that is resistant
to treatment or hypertension related end organ dysfunction in pregnancy.
preeclampsia risk factors - answer -personal or family hx
,-chronic hypertension, kidney disease, nulliparity, diabetes, coagulation
disorders
-obesity, African ethnicity, 35 or older
-pregnant with twins or molar pregnancy, fetal congenital abnormality
cardiac causes of pulmonary edema - answer AMI, acute heart failure, and
valvular disease
cardigenic pulmonary edema - answer sign of severe cardiac
decompensation
non cardiac causes of pulmonary edema - answer pulmonary disorders
such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, trauma, sepsis, drug
overdose, preeclampsia, and neurological events
shock stage 1 - answer -begins when barrorecptors in the aortic arch and
the carotid sinus detect a drop in MAP of less than 10 mmHg from normal
levels
-circulating blood volume decreases (not enough to causes serious issues
in adults)
anuria - answer absence of urine
dysuria - answer painful urination
polyuria - answer multiple episodes of urination
urinary frequency - answer multiple episodes of urination with little urine
produced during a short period of time (feeling of needing to urinate)
urinary hesitancy - answer difficulty in starting a stream of urine
oligouria - answer low urine output
, 3 main processes of urination - answer GF, tubular reabsorption, tubular
secretion
urine elimination assessment - answer -pt hx
-ask about changes: how often? urgency?pain?color?patterns?
incontinence?
-ask about changes in health status: high sodium, not enough water, diet
changes, mobility
-physical exam: inspection (abdominal, bladder distention), urine should
be clear with minimal odor and yellow. should be able to see through it
(not cloudy)
renal diagnostics - answer U/A, renal function, culture, ultrasounds, CT,
MRI, scopes
AKI - answer -characterized by rapid decline in renal function with
azotemia and fluid electrolyte imbalances
-5% of hospital admissions
-up to 30% of admissions to ICUs
-Most AKI is reversible; kidney able to recover from almost complete loss
of function
-associated with major in-hospital morbidity and mortality
-due to serious nature of the illnesses that precipitate
azotemia - answer increased levels of nitrogenous wastes in the blood
AKI classifications - answer pre-renal, intrinsic, post-renal
pre-renal AKI - answer -most common (55%)
-physiological response to milk to moderate renal hypo perfusion (blood
can help restore function)
complete verified solutions
2025-2026
PE - answer obstruction of blood flow in part of the pulmonary vascular
system by an embolus traveling from one area of the body to another.
sources of PE - answer -tumors that have invaded the venous circulation
-fat or bone marrow entering the circulation from fracture to trauma
-amniotic fluid released into circulation during childbirth
-intravenous injection of air or other foreign substances
what is heart failure? - answer the heart cannot fill with enough blood or
the inability of the heart to pump with enough force to meet the metabolic
demands. heart failure can be acute or chronic.
gestational hypertension - answer -occurs in the second half pregnancy in
a previously normotensive mother
-dx is made when when BP is greater than or equal to 140/90 on at least
two occasions that are at least 6 hours apart after 20 weeks gestation
preeclampsia - answer -same criteria as gestations hypertension
-accompanied by signs of end organ damage
superimposed preeclampsia - answer occurs when a women previously
diagnosed with chronic hypertension develops worsening that is resistant
to treatment or hypertension related end organ dysfunction in pregnancy.
preeclampsia risk factors - answer -personal or family hx
,-chronic hypertension, kidney disease, nulliparity, diabetes, coagulation
disorders
-obesity, African ethnicity, 35 or older
-pregnant with twins or molar pregnancy, fetal congenital abnormality
cardiac causes of pulmonary edema - answer AMI, acute heart failure, and
valvular disease
cardigenic pulmonary edema - answer sign of severe cardiac
decompensation
non cardiac causes of pulmonary edema - answer pulmonary disorders
such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, trauma, sepsis, drug
overdose, preeclampsia, and neurological events
shock stage 1 - answer -begins when barrorecptors in the aortic arch and
the carotid sinus detect a drop in MAP of less than 10 mmHg from normal
levels
-circulating blood volume decreases (not enough to causes serious issues
in adults)
anuria - answer absence of urine
dysuria - answer painful urination
polyuria - answer multiple episodes of urination
urinary frequency - answer multiple episodes of urination with little urine
produced during a short period of time (feeling of needing to urinate)
urinary hesitancy - answer difficulty in starting a stream of urine
oligouria - answer low urine output
, 3 main processes of urination - answer GF, tubular reabsorption, tubular
secretion
urine elimination assessment - answer -pt hx
-ask about changes: how often? urgency?pain?color?patterns?
incontinence?
-ask about changes in health status: high sodium, not enough water, diet
changes, mobility
-physical exam: inspection (abdominal, bladder distention), urine should
be clear with minimal odor and yellow. should be able to see through it
(not cloudy)
renal diagnostics - answer U/A, renal function, culture, ultrasounds, CT,
MRI, scopes
AKI - answer -characterized by rapid decline in renal function with
azotemia and fluid electrolyte imbalances
-5% of hospital admissions
-up to 30% of admissions to ICUs
-Most AKI is reversible; kidney able to recover from almost complete loss
of function
-associated with major in-hospital morbidity and mortality
-due to serious nature of the illnesses that precipitate
azotemia - answer increased levels of nitrogenous wastes in the blood
AKI classifications - answer pre-renal, intrinsic, post-renal
pre-renal AKI - answer -most common (55%)
-physiological response to milk to moderate renal hypo perfusion (blood
can help restore function)
