NUR257 Exam 1
questions fully solved
& updated 2025
immunity
The body's specific protective response to foreign agent or
organisms
- Resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease
Immunopathology
the study of diseases that results from dysfunction of the immune
system
Components of the immune system
Bone marrow: T cells and B cells
Lymphoid tissue: spleen and lymph nodes
True/False Immunity refers to the body's nonspecific protective
response to an invading foreign agent or organism
False
- Immunity refers to the body's specific protective response to an
invading foreign agent or organism
B lymphocytes mature in the _________________.
bone marrow
T lymphocytes mature in the_____________.
Thymus, where they also differentiate into cells with various
functions
Functions of the immune system
To remove foreign antigens such as viruses and bacteria to maintain
homeostasis
- Phagocytosis
- Inflammatory response
,Phagocytosis
Monocytes are responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign
bodies and toxins
Inflammatory response
nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury,
infection, or invading organisms
Inflammatory response process
Chemical mediators minimize blood loss, wall off invading
organisms, activate phagocytes, promote formation of scar tissue,
and regeneration of injured tissue.
Natural immunity
Nonspecific response to any foreign invader
- White blood cell action
- Inflammatory response
- Physical barriers
White blood cell action:
Release cell mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and
prostaglandins and engulf (phagocytize) foreign substances.
Physical barriers
Intact skin, chemical barriers, and acidic gastric secretions or
enzymes in tears and saliva.
Aquired immunity
Specific against a foreign antigen
- Result of prior exposure to an antigen
- Active or passive
Active immunity
- Immunologic defenses developed by person's own body
- Lasts many years, may last a lifetime
passive immunity
- Temporary
- Results from transfer of a source outside of the body that has
developed immunity through previous disease or immuniztion
,- Examples: Transfer of antibodies from mother to infant through
breast feeding; receiving immune globulin through injections
Which leukocytes are associated with inflammation?
a: basophils
b. eosinophils
c. monocytes
d. neutrophils
d. neutrophils
- Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the site where
inflammation occurs
Four stages of immune response
- Recognition
- Proliferation
- Response
- Effector
Recognition stage
Identification of antigens as foreign
- use of lymph odes and lymphocytes for surveillance
- macrophages play an important role in helping the circulating
lymphocytes process antigens
- both macrophages and neutrophils have receptors for antibodies
and complement. as a result they coat microorganisms with
antibodies, complement, or both, enhancing phagocytosis.
Proliferation stage
•Circulating lymphocytes containing the antigenic message return
to the nearest lymph node
•Stimulate some of the resident T and B lymphocytes to enlarge,
divide, and proliferate
•T lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic (or killer) T cells
•B lymphocytes produce and release antibodies
Response Stage
•Begins with the production of antibodies by the B lymphocytes in
response to a specific antigen
, •Cellular response stimulates the resident lymphocytes to become
cells that attack microbes; (killer) T cells
•Viral rather than bacterial antigens induce a cellular response
•Most immune responses to antigens involve both humoral and
cellular responses, although one usually predominates
Effector stage
-either the antibody of the Humoral response or the cytotoxic
(killer) T cell of the cellular response reaches and connects with the
antigen on the surface of the foreign invader.
- Humoral immunity: interplay of antibodies
- Cellular immunity: Action by cytotoxic T cells.
Response to invasion
Involves 3 means of defense:
phagocytic immune response, humoral or antibody responce, and
cellular response
first line of defense: phagocytic immune response
-involves the WBC which have the ability to ingest foreign particle,
and destroy the invading agent
second protective response defense: the humeral immune
response (antibody response)
Third mechanism of defense: cellular immune response
involves T lymphocytes which can turn into special cytotoxic (killer)
T cells that attack the pathogens.
Humoral Immune Response
- Antigen recognition
- Antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) defend against foreign invaders
- Antigen-antibody binding
Cellular Immune Response
T Lymphocytes
- Attack invaders directly, secrete cytokines
Helper T cells
Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.
questions fully solved
& updated 2025
immunity
The body's specific protective response to foreign agent or
organisms
- Resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease
Immunopathology
the study of diseases that results from dysfunction of the immune
system
Components of the immune system
Bone marrow: T cells and B cells
Lymphoid tissue: spleen and lymph nodes
True/False Immunity refers to the body's nonspecific protective
response to an invading foreign agent or organism
False
- Immunity refers to the body's specific protective response to an
invading foreign agent or organism
B lymphocytes mature in the _________________.
bone marrow
T lymphocytes mature in the_____________.
Thymus, where they also differentiate into cells with various
functions
Functions of the immune system
To remove foreign antigens such as viruses and bacteria to maintain
homeostasis
- Phagocytosis
- Inflammatory response
,Phagocytosis
Monocytes are responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign
bodies and toxins
Inflammatory response
nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury,
infection, or invading organisms
Inflammatory response process
Chemical mediators minimize blood loss, wall off invading
organisms, activate phagocytes, promote formation of scar tissue,
and regeneration of injured tissue.
Natural immunity
Nonspecific response to any foreign invader
- White blood cell action
- Inflammatory response
- Physical barriers
White blood cell action:
Release cell mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and
prostaglandins and engulf (phagocytize) foreign substances.
Physical barriers
Intact skin, chemical barriers, and acidic gastric secretions or
enzymes in tears and saliva.
Aquired immunity
Specific against a foreign antigen
- Result of prior exposure to an antigen
- Active or passive
Active immunity
- Immunologic defenses developed by person's own body
- Lasts many years, may last a lifetime
passive immunity
- Temporary
- Results from transfer of a source outside of the body that has
developed immunity through previous disease or immuniztion
,- Examples: Transfer of antibodies from mother to infant through
breast feeding; receiving immune globulin through injections
Which leukocytes are associated with inflammation?
a: basophils
b. eosinophils
c. monocytes
d. neutrophils
d. neutrophils
- Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the site where
inflammation occurs
Four stages of immune response
- Recognition
- Proliferation
- Response
- Effector
Recognition stage
Identification of antigens as foreign
- use of lymph odes and lymphocytes for surveillance
- macrophages play an important role in helping the circulating
lymphocytes process antigens
- both macrophages and neutrophils have receptors for antibodies
and complement. as a result they coat microorganisms with
antibodies, complement, or both, enhancing phagocytosis.
Proliferation stage
•Circulating lymphocytes containing the antigenic message return
to the nearest lymph node
•Stimulate some of the resident T and B lymphocytes to enlarge,
divide, and proliferate
•T lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic (or killer) T cells
•B lymphocytes produce and release antibodies
Response Stage
•Begins with the production of antibodies by the B lymphocytes in
response to a specific antigen
, •Cellular response stimulates the resident lymphocytes to become
cells that attack microbes; (killer) T cells
•Viral rather than bacterial antigens induce a cellular response
•Most immune responses to antigens involve both humoral and
cellular responses, although one usually predominates
Effector stage
-either the antibody of the Humoral response or the cytotoxic
(killer) T cell of the cellular response reaches and connects with the
antigen on the surface of the foreign invader.
- Humoral immunity: interplay of antibodies
- Cellular immunity: Action by cytotoxic T cells.
Response to invasion
Involves 3 means of defense:
phagocytic immune response, humoral or antibody responce, and
cellular response
first line of defense: phagocytic immune response
-involves the WBC which have the ability to ingest foreign particle,
and destroy the invading agent
second protective response defense: the humeral immune
response (antibody response)
Third mechanism of defense: cellular immune response
involves T lymphocytes which can turn into special cytotoxic (killer)
T cells that attack the pathogens.
Humoral Immune Response
- Antigen recognition
- Antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) defend against foreign invaders
- Antigen-antibody binding
Cellular Immune Response
T Lymphocytes
- Attack invaders directly, secrete cytokines
Helper T cells
Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.
