FRESENIUS NEW HIRE, EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT. Buy Quality Materials!
The urinary system is made up of?
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a bladder, and a urethra
What is a nephron?
Functional units of the kidney
What is the nephron composed of?
Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and tubules
What are the 7 functions of a kidney?
Acid/Base balance
Water balance
Electrolyte balance
Toxin removal
Blood pressure regulation
Erythropoietin production
Vitamin D metabolism
What are the functions of a healthy kidney?
Remove waste
Regulates fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes and acid base balance, synthesize
calcitriol
Secrete erythropoietin - stimulates bone marrow to make RBCs
Release renin - increases bp
What is GFR in the 5 stages of kidney disease?
Stage 1 - Normal function 90+
Stage 2 - Mild reduced 60-89
Stage 3 - Moderately reduced 30-59
Stage 4 - Severely reduced 15-29
Stage 5 - Chronic kidney disease <15
What are the types and stages of kidney failure?
Acute - sudden, severe, and usually reversible
Chronic - slow onset, progressive, permanent
What are classic signs of renal failure or uremia?
Fluid overload
SOB
Hypertension
Proteinuria
What are 3 modalities of treatment for End-Stage Renal disease?
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Transplantation
What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
Hemodialysis - usually outpatient setting, can be done at home
Peritoneal dialysis - done in the patients home
, When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer?
Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour
of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever.
What are the body fluid compartments?
Intracellular - inside the cells
Extracellular - outside the cells Intravascular - inside the blood vessels Interstitial -
between the cells
Diffusion
higher to lower concentration
Osmosis
lower to higher concentration
Ultrafiltration
Uses both negative and positive pressure to remove excess fluid
Why is water used for dialysis treatment?
Water contains contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities. Patients are exposed to large
volumes of water during dialysis treatment, removed to protect patient
What is chloramine and how is it different from chlorine?
Chloramine - bleach and ammonia
Chlorine - bleach
What is the diasafe filter?
Found on back of hemodialysis machine that allows for the delivery of ultrapure
dialysate.
What factors impact the rate of diffusion?
Temperature
Molecular weight of solutes
Nature of the solution
Membrane permeability
Surface area
Flow geometry convection
Concentration gradient
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot?
Diffusion in decreased
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur?
Until the concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the
electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is the largest factor that impacts ultrafiltration?
Pressure
What happens when the dialysate flow is turned off during the treatment?
Blood is not cleaned and adequacy will decrease.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them?
Blood compartment separated by a semi-permeable membrane.
What is a semi-permeable membrane?
Membrane made from protein, with small pores and holes. RBCs and proteins are too
large to pass. Urea, sodium, potassium, and water can pass.
What is a countercurrent flow?
Blood and dialysate that flow in opposite directions.
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT. Buy Quality Materials!
The urinary system is made up of?
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a bladder, and a urethra
What is a nephron?
Functional units of the kidney
What is the nephron composed of?
Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and tubules
What are the 7 functions of a kidney?
Acid/Base balance
Water balance
Electrolyte balance
Toxin removal
Blood pressure regulation
Erythropoietin production
Vitamin D metabolism
What are the functions of a healthy kidney?
Remove waste
Regulates fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes and acid base balance, synthesize
calcitriol
Secrete erythropoietin - stimulates bone marrow to make RBCs
Release renin - increases bp
What is GFR in the 5 stages of kidney disease?
Stage 1 - Normal function 90+
Stage 2 - Mild reduced 60-89
Stage 3 - Moderately reduced 30-59
Stage 4 - Severely reduced 15-29
Stage 5 - Chronic kidney disease <15
What are the types and stages of kidney failure?
Acute - sudden, severe, and usually reversible
Chronic - slow onset, progressive, permanent
What are classic signs of renal failure or uremia?
Fluid overload
SOB
Hypertension
Proteinuria
What are 3 modalities of treatment for End-Stage Renal disease?
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Transplantation
What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
Hemodialysis - usually outpatient setting, can be done at home
Peritoneal dialysis - done in the patients home
, When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer?
Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour
of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever.
What are the body fluid compartments?
Intracellular - inside the cells
Extracellular - outside the cells Intravascular - inside the blood vessels Interstitial -
between the cells
Diffusion
higher to lower concentration
Osmosis
lower to higher concentration
Ultrafiltration
Uses both negative and positive pressure to remove excess fluid
Why is water used for dialysis treatment?
Water contains contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities. Patients are exposed to large
volumes of water during dialysis treatment, removed to protect patient
What is chloramine and how is it different from chlorine?
Chloramine - bleach and ammonia
Chlorine - bleach
What is the diasafe filter?
Found on back of hemodialysis machine that allows for the delivery of ultrapure
dialysate.
What factors impact the rate of diffusion?
Temperature
Molecular weight of solutes
Nature of the solution
Membrane permeability
Surface area
Flow geometry convection
Concentration gradient
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot?
Diffusion in decreased
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur?
Until the concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the
electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is the largest factor that impacts ultrafiltration?
Pressure
What happens when the dialysate flow is turned off during the treatment?
Blood is not cleaned and adequacy will decrease.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them?
Blood compartment separated by a semi-permeable membrane.
What is a semi-permeable membrane?
Membrane made from protein, with small pores and holes. RBCs and proteins are too
large to pass. Urea, sodium, potassium, and water can pass.
What is a countercurrent flow?
Blood and dialysate that flow in opposite directions.
