NR 507 Week 3 Assignment Alterations in Pulmonary
Function COMPLETE WITH SOLUTIONS |PRIME GRADE
A|
Dyspnea - ANSWER: Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
Severe dyspnea
Flaring of the nostrils
Use of accessory muscles of respiration
Retraction of the intercostal spaces
Dyspnea on exertion
Shortness of breath with activity
Orthopnea
Dyspnea when lying down
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Awaking at night and gasping for air; must sit up or stand up
Cough - ANSWER: Protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive
expiration
Acute cough
Resolves within 2 to 3 weeks
Chronic cough
Lasts longer than 3 weeks
Abnormal sputum - ANSWER: Changes in amount, consistency, color, and odor
provide information about the progression of disease and the effectiveness of
therapy.
Hemoptysis - ANSWER: Coughing up blood or bloody secretions
Eupnea - ANSWER: Normal breathing pattern
Abnormal breathing patterns - ANSWER: Adjustments made by the body to minimize
the work of the respiratory muscles
Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea) - ANSWER: Slightly increased ventilatory rate,
very large tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
Restricted breathing - ANSWER: Disorders that stiffen the lungs or chest wall and
decrease compliance
Cheyne-Stokes respirations - ANSWER: Alternating periods of deep and shallow
breathing; apnea lasting 15 to 60 seconds, followed by ventilations that increase in
volume until a peak is reached, after which ventilation decreases again to apnea
Hypoventilation - ANSWER: Alveolar ventilation is inadequate in relationship to the
metabolic demands.
,Leads to respiratory acidosis from hypercapnia.
Is caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control
of breathing.
Hyperventilation - ANSWER: Alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic demands.
Leads to respiratory alkalosis from hypocapnia.
Is caused by anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia.
Cyanosis - ANSWER: Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
Develops when have five grams of desaturated hemoglobin, regardless of
concentration
Peripheral cyanosis
Most often caused by poor circulation
Best observed in the nail beds
Central cyanosis
Caused by decreased arterial oxygenation (low partial pressure of oxygen [Pao2])
Best observed in buccal mucous membranes and lips
Clubbing - ANSWER: 3 stages - early middle and severe
Pain - ANSWER: A sign or symptom of Pulmonary disease
Pleural pain - ANSWER: Is the most common pain caused by pulmonary diseases.
Is usually sharp or stabbing in character.
Infection and inflammation of the parietal pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy) can cause
pain when the pleura stretch during inspiration and are accompanied by a pleural
friction rub.
Chest wall pain - ANSWER: May be from the airways.
May be from muscle or rib pain.
Hypercapnia - ANSWER: Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the arterial blood
Occurs from decreased drive to breathe or an inadequate ability to respond to
ventilatory stimulation
A Condition caused by PUlmonary Disease or Injury
Hypoxemia - ANSWER: Hypoxemia versus hypoxia
Ventilation-perfusion abnormalities: Most common cause
Shunting
Alveolar dead space: Area where alveoli are ventilated
but not perfused
A Condition caused by PUlmonary Disease or Injury
Acute respiratory failure - ANSWER: Gas exchange is inadequate (hypoxemia).
Pao2 is ≤50 mm Hg.
Hypercapnia occurs, during which partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Paco2) is ≥50
mm Hg
, pH is ≤7.25.
Requires ventilatory support, oxygen, or both.
A Condition caused by PUlmonary Disease or Injury
Chest wall restriction - ANSWER: Chest wall is deformed, traumatized, immobilized,
or made heavy by fat; work of breathing is increased, and ventilation may be
compromised because of a decrease in tidal volume.
Impaired respiratory muscle function is caused by neuromuscular disease.
A Disorder of the Chest Wall
Flail chest - ANSWER: Is the instability of a portion of the chest wall from rib or
sternal fractures.
Causes paradoxical movement of the chest with breathing.
A Disorder of the Chest Wall
Pneumothorax - ANSWER: Presence of air or gas in the pleural space
Primary (spontaneous) pneumothorax
Occurs unexpectedly in healthy individuals.
Secondary pneumothorax
Is caused by disease, trauma, injury, or condition.
Iatrogenic pneumothorax
Is caused by medical treatments, especially transthoracic needle aspiration.
Open
Pneumothorax - ANSWER: Air pressure in the pleural space equals barometric
pressure, because air that is drawn into the pleural space during inspiration is forced
back out during expiration.
Tension
Pneumothorax - ANSWER: Site of pleural rupture acts as a one-way valve, permitting
air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing up during expiration.
Is life threatening.
Pneumothorax-manifestations - ANSWER: Sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, and
possible mild dyspnea
Tension
Severe hypoxemia, tracheal deviation away from the affected lung, and hypotension
pneumothorax treatment - ANSWER: Chest tube
If persistent air leak: Surgery, pleurodesis (instillation of a caustic substance, such as
talc, into the pleural space), or thoracoscopic surgical techniques
Pleural effusion - ANSWER: Presence of fluid in the pleural space
Transudative effusion
Is watery and diffuses out of the capillaries.
Exudative effusion
Function COMPLETE WITH SOLUTIONS |PRIME GRADE
A|
Dyspnea - ANSWER: Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
Severe dyspnea
Flaring of the nostrils
Use of accessory muscles of respiration
Retraction of the intercostal spaces
Dyspnea on exertion
Shortness of breath with activity
Orthopnea
Dyspnea when lying down
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Awaking at night and gasping for air; must sit up or stand up
Cough - ANSWER: Protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive
expiration
Acute cough
Resolves within 2 to 3 weeks
Chronic cough
Lasts longer than 3 weeks
Abnormal sputum - ANSWER: Changes in amount, consistency, color, and odor
provide information about the progression of disease and the effectiveness of
therapy.
Hemoptysis - ANSWER: Coughing up blood or bloody secretions
Eupnea - ANSWER: Normal breathing pattern
Abnormal breathing patterns - ANSWER: Adjustments made by the body to minimize
the work of the respiratory muscles
Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea) - ANSWER: Slightly increased ventilatory rate,
very large tidal volume, and no expiratory pause
Restricted breathing - ANSWER: Disorders that stiffen the lungs or chest wall and
decrease compliance
Cheyne-Stokes respirations - ANSWER: Alternating periods of deep and shallow
breathing; apnea lasting 15 to 60 seconds, followed by ventilations that increase in
volume until a peak is reached, after which ventilation decreases again to apnea
Hypoventilation - ANSWER: Alveolar ventilation is inadequate in relationship to the
metabolic demands.
,Leads to respiratory acidosis from hypercapnia.
Is caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control
of breathing.
Hyperventilation - ANSWER: Alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic demands.
Leads to respiratory alkalosis from hypocapnia.
Is caused by anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia.
Cyanosis - ANSWER: Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
Develops when have five grams of desaturated hemoglobin, regardless of
concentration
Peripheral cyanosis
Most often caused by poor circulation
Best observed in the nail beds
Central cyanosis
Caused by decreased arterial oxygenation (low partial pressure of oxygen [Pao2])
Best observed in buccal mucous membranes and lips
Clubbing - ANSWER: 3 stages - early middle and severe
Pain - ANSWER: A sign or symptom of Pulmonary disease
Pleural pain - ANSWER: Is the most common pain caused by pulmonary diseases.
Is usually sharp or stabbing in character.
Infection and inflammation of the parietal pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy) can cause
pain when the pleura stretch during inspiration and are accompanied by a pleural
friction rub.
Chest wall pain - ANSWER: May be from the airways.
May be from muscle or rib pain.
Hypercapnia - ANSWER: Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the arterial blood
Occurs from decreased drive to breathe or an inadequate ability to respond to
ventilatory stimulation
A Condition caused by PUlmonary Disease or Injury
Hypoxemia - ANSWER: Hypoxemia versus hypoxia
Ventilation-perfusion abnormalities: Most common cause
Shunting
Alveolar dead space: Area where alveoli are ventilated
but not perfused
A Condition caused by PUlmonary Disease or Injury
Acute respiratory failure - ANSWER: Gas exchange is inadequate (hypoxemia).
Pao2 is ≤50 mm Hg.
Hypercapnia occurs, during which partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Paco2) is ≥50
mm Hg
, pH is ≤7.25.
Requires ventilatory support, oxygen, or both.
A Condition caused by PUlmonary Disease or Injury
Chest wall restriction - ANSWER: Chest wall is deformed, traumatized, immobilized,
or made heavy by fat; work of breathing is increased, and ventilation may be
compromised because of a decrease in tidal volume.
Impaired respiratory muscle function is caused by neuromuscular disease.
A Disorder of the Chest Wall
Flail chest - ANSWER: Is the instability of a portion of the chest wall from rib or
sternal fractures.
Causes paradoxical movement of the chest with breathing.
A Disorder of the Chest Wall
Pneumothorax - ANSWER: Presence of air or gas in the pleural space
Primary (spontaneous) pneumothorax
Occurs unexpectedly in healthy individuals.
Secondary pneumothorax
Is caused by disease, trauma, injury, or condition.
Iatrogenic pneumothorax
Is caused by medical treatments, especially transthoracic needle aspiration.
Open
Pneumothorax - ANSWER: Air pressure in the pleural space equals barometric
pressure, because air that is drawn into the pleural space during inspiration is forced
back out during expiration.
Tension
Pneumothorax - ANSWER: Site of pleural rupture acts as a one-way valve, permitting
air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing up during expiration.
Is life threatening.
Pneumothorax-manifestations - ANSWER: Sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, and
possible mild dyspnea
Tension
Severe hypoxemia, tracheal deviation away from the affected lung, and hypotension
pneumothorax treatment - ANSWER: Chest tube
If persistent air leak: Surgery, pleurodesis (instillation of a caustic substance, such as
talc, into the pleural space), or thoracoscopic surgical techniques
Pleural effusion - ANSWER: Presence of fluid in the pleural space
Transudative effusion
Is watery and diffuses out of the capillaries.
Exudative effusion
