BIOS 256 WEEK 8 FINAL EXAM WITH ANSWERS
GUARANTEED PASS (FALL-SPRING SESSION)
Natriuresis - ANSWER: excretion of sodium in the urine
Decreasing natriuresis will increase or decrease urine sodium levels? - ANSWER:
decrease urine sodium
Most abundant cations in extracellular fluid - ANSWER: Sodium
Most abundant anions in extracellular fluid - ANSWER: Chloride
Most abundant cations in intracellular fluid - ANSWER: Potassium
Most abundant anions in intracelullar fluid - ANSWER: Cl-
Respiratory acidosis diagnosis - ANSWER: pH < 7.35
Increased CO2
Normal bicarb levels
Metabolic acidosis diagnosis - ANSWER: Ph below 7.35, CO2, normal, and increased
bicarb
Respiratory alkalosis diagnosis - ANSWER: pH above 7.45, low CO2, and normal
bicarbonate
Metabolic alkalosis diagnosis - ANSWER: pH greater than 7.45.
HCO3: 22 to 28 mEq per liter
PaCO2: 38 to 42 mm Hg
List, the three common causes of respiratory acidosis - ANSWER: Hypoventilation
Emphysema
Pulmonary edema
Airway obstruction
Three common causes of metabolic acidosis - ANSWER: Increase production of
organic acids
Ingestion of acidic drugs
Lots of base due to chronic diarrhea
Severe kidney damage
List three common causes of respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER: Hyperventilation
Stroke
Pulmonary disease
Anything that leads to hyperventilation
, Three common causes of metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER: Overuse of bicarb
Lots of stomach acid HCl, due to chronic vomiting
Vomiting
Severe dehydration
How does the kidney compensate for acid base imbalance? - ANSWER: By increasing
or decreasing resorption of H, or increasing, or decreasing reabsorption of HCO3
Sodium function - ANSWER: Fluid balance, muscle contraction, nerve transmission
Potassium function - ANSWER: maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
Magnesium function - ANSWER: Serves as a cofactor for enzymes, transporters, and
nucleic acids
Phosphate function - ANSWER: Activates many metabolic pathways and acts as
buffer that help stabilize pH of body fluids
Calcium fx - ANSWER: Strength to skeleton and activates sliding filament mechanism
of muscle contraction
Ph - ANSWER: Measures the concentration of H+ in a solution
Hormonal regulation of fluid balance - ANSWER: aldosterone, ADH, angiotensin II,
natriuretic peptides
Buffer - ANSWER: Any mechanism that resists change in pH by either releasing H or
absorbing H
Chemical buffer systems - ANSWER: Phosphate, hemoglobin, and protein
Physiological buffer systems - ANSWER: Kidneys and lungs
Aldosterone - ANSWER: reabsorption of sodium and secretes K
Normal blood pH - ANSWER: 7.35-7.45
Males in Meiosis - ANSWER: 4 haploid sperm
Females in meiosis - ANSWER: 1 egg, 2 polar bodies
Sperm site of production - ANSWER: Seminiferous tubules
Ant pituitary - ANSWER: FSH, LH, prolactin
Post pituitary - ANSWER: Oxytocin
GUARANTEED PASS (FALL-SPRING SESSION)
Natriuresis - ANSWER: excretion of sodium in the urine
Decreasing natriuresis will increase or decrease urine sodium levels? - ANSWER:
decrease urine sodium
Most abundant cations in extracellular fluid - ANSWER: Sodium
Most abundant anions in extracellular fluid - ANSWER: Chloride
Most abundant cations in intracellular fluid - ANSWER: Potassium
Most abundant anions in intracelullar fluid - ANSWER: Cl-
Respiratory acidosis diagnosis - ANSWER: pH < 7.35
Increased CO2
Normal bicarb levels
Metabolic acidosis diagnosis - ANSWER: Ph below 7.35, CO2, normal, and increased
bicarb
Respiratory alkalosis diagnosis - ANSWER: pH above 7.45, low CO2, and normal
bicarbonate
Metabolic alkalosis diagnosis - ANSWER: pH greater than 7.45.
HCO3: 22 to 28 mEq per liter
PaCO2: 38 to 42 mm Hg
List, the three common causes of respiratory acidosis - ANSWER: Hypoventilation
Emphysema
Pulmonary edema
Airway obstruction
Three common causes of metabolic acidosis - ANSWER: Increase production of
organic acids
Ingestion of acidic drugs
Lots of base due to chronic diarrhea
Severe kidney damage
List three common causes of respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER: Hyperventilation
Stroke
Pulmonary disease
Anything that leads to hyperventilation
, Three common causes of metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER: Overuse of bicarb
Lots of stomach acid HCl, due to chronic vomiting
Vomiting
Severe dehydration
How does the kidney compensate for acid base imbalance? - ANSWER: By increasing
or decreasing resorption of H, or increasing, or decreasing reabsorption of HCO3
Sodium function - ANSWER: Fluid balance, muscle contraction, nerve transmission
Potassium function - ANSWER: maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
Magnesium function - ANSWER: Serves as a cofactor for enzymes, transporters, and
nucleic acids
Phosphate function - ANSWER: Activates many metabolic pathways and acts as
buffer that help stabilize pH of body fluids
Calcium fx - ANSWER: Strength to skeleton and activates sliding filament mechanism
of muscle contraction
Ph - ANSWER: Measures the concentration of H+ in a solution
Hormonal regulation of fluid balance - ANSWER: aldosterone, ADH, angiotensin II,
natriuretic peptides
Buffer - ANSWER: Any mechanism that resists change in pH by either releasing H or
absorbing H
Chemical buffer systems - ANSWER: Phosphate, hemoglobin, and protein
Physiological buffer systems - ANSWER: Kidneys and lungs
Aldosterone - ANSWER: reabsorption of sodium and secretes K
Normal blood pH - ANSWER: 7.35-7.45
Males in Meiosis - ANSWER: 4 haploid sperm
Females in meiosis - ANSWER: 1 egg, 2 polar bodies
Sperm site of production - ANSWER: Seminiferous tubules
Ant pituitary - ANSWER: FSH, LH, prolactin
Post pituitary - ANSWER: Oxytocin
