HIM2966 Module 06 Post- Assessment Term
GRADED A
Carbohydrates - ANSWER: Carbohydrates have the basic formula Cx(H2O)x, which
explains their name ('carbo' for carbon and 'hydrate' for water). This formula
indicates that they contain one water molecule for every carbon atom.
Monosaccharide - ANSWER: The simplest carbohydrate, acting as a single building
block for more complex carbohydrates. Examples include glucose, fructose, and
ribose.
Disaccharide - ANSWER: Formed by linking two monosaccharides together. Sucrose
(table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
Oligosaccharide - ANSWER: A short chain of 3 to 10 linked monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide - ANSWER: A long chain of many monosaccharides, often hundreds or
thousands. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Glycoconjugate - ANSWER: A molecule formed by the covalent linkage of a
carbohydrate to another molecule, such as a protein, lipid, or peptide.
Aldoses - ANSWER: Monosaccharides classified by having the carbonyl group at the
end of the carbon chain, forming an aldehyde group (e.g., glucose).
Ketoses - ANSWER: Monosaccharides classified by having the carbonyl group within
the carbon chain, forming a ketone group (e.g., fructose).
Chirality - ANSWER: Most monosaccharides contain chiral carbons, meaning these
carbon atoms are bonded to four different groups, creating stereoisomers.
Enantiomer - ANSWER: Enantiomers are mirror images of each other that are non-
superimposable, similar to your left and right hands.
Haworth projection - ANSWER: Haworth projections provide a cyclic representation
of monosaccharides, more accurately reflecting their structure in solution compared
to linear Fischer projections.
Cyclization - ANSWER: Monosaccharides in solution predominantly exist in cyclic
forms due to the reaction between the carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group within
the same molecule.
Anomeric Carbon - ANSWER: The carbonyl carbon, after cyclization, becomes the
anomeric carbon, a new chiral center.
, α anomer - ANSWER: The hydroxyl group is on the opposite side of the ring as the
CH2OH group at the penultimate carbon.
β anomer - ANSWER: The hydroxyl group is on the same side of the ring as the
CH2OH group at the penultimate carbon.
Mutarotation - ANSWER: Anomers can interconvert between α and β forms in
solution through a process called mutarotation.
Hemiacetal - ANSWER: Forms when an aldehyde reacts with an alcohol.
Hemiketal - ANSWER: Forms when a ketone reacts with an alcohol.
Pyranose - ANSWER: Six-membered rings, resembling the organic molecule pyran.
For example, glucose typically exists as a pyranose ring.
Furanose - ANSWER: Five-membered rings, resembling the organic molecule furan.
Ribose typically forms a furanose ring.
Reducing Sugars - ANSWER: Sugars with a free aldehyde group (aldoses) or ketoses
that can isomerize to aldoses are reducing sugars.
Epimer - ANSWER: An epimer is a stereoisomer that differs in configuration at only
one chiral center.
Amino Sugars - ANSWER: A hydroxyl group is replaced with an amine group (-NH2).
Examples include glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine.
Sugar Alcohols - ANSWER: The carbonyl group is reduced to an alcohol group (-OH).
Examples include xylitol, mannitol, and sorbitol.
Uronic Acids - ANSWER: A terminal carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid (-COOH).
Glucuronic acid is an example.
Deoxy Sugars - ANSWER: A hydroxyl group is removed, as in deoxyribose, a
component of DNA.
Trisaccharides - ANSWER: Consist of three monosaccharide units linked together.
Raffinose, found in broccoli and beans, is an example of a trisaccharide.
Raffinose - ANSWER: Found in broccoli and beans, it is an example of a trisaccharide.
Oligosaccharides - ANSWER: These are short chains of more than three but typically
fewer than 20 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.
Inulin - ANSWER: Found in chicory, it is an example of an oligosaccharide.
GRADED A
Carbohydrates - ANSWER: Carbohydrates have the basic formula Cx(H2O)x, which
explains their name ('carbo' for carbon and 'hydrate' for water). This formula
indicates that they contain one water molecule for every carbon atom.
Monosaccharide - ANSWER: The simplest carbohydrate, acting as a single building
block for more complex carbohydrates. Examples include glucose, fructose, and
ribose.
Disaccharide - ANSWER: Formed by linking two monosaccharides together. Sucrose
(table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
Oligosaccharide - ANSWER: A short chain of 3 to 10 linked monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide - ANSWER: A long chain of many monosaccharides, often hundreds or
thousands. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Glycoconjugate - ANSWER: A molecule formed by the covalent linkage of a
carbohydrate to another molecule, such as a protein, lipid, or peptide.
Aldoses - ANSWER: Monosaccharides classified by having the carbonyl group at the
end of the carbon chain, forming an aldehyde group (e.g., glucose).
Ketoses - ANSWER: Monosaccharides classified by having the carbonyl group within
the carbon chain, forming a ketone group (e.g., fructose).
Chirality - ANSWER: Most monosaccharides contain chiral carbons, meaning these
carbon atoms are bonded to four different groups, creating stereoisomers.
Enantiomer - ANSWER: Enantiomers are mirror images of each other that are non-
superimposable, similar to your left and right hands.
Haworth projection - ANSWER: Haworth projections provide a cyclic representation
of monosaccharides, more accurately reflecting their structure in solution compared
to linear Fischer projections.
Cyclization - ANSWER: Monosaccharides in solution predominantly exist in cyclic
forms due to the reaction between the carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group within
the same molecule.
Anomeric Carbon - ANSWER: The carbonyl carbon, after cyclization, becomes the
anomeric carbon, a new chiral center.
, α anomer - ANSWER: The hydroxyl group is on the opposite side of the ring as the
CH2OH group at the penultimate carbon.
β anomer - ANSWER: The hydroxyl group is on the same side of the ring as the
CH2OH group at the penultimate carbon.
Mutarotation - ANSWER: Anomers can interconvert between α and β forms in
solution through a process called mutarotation.
Hemiacetal - ANSWER: Forms when an aldehyde reacts with an alcohol.
Hemiketal - ANSWER: Forms when a ketone reacts with an alcohol.
Pyranose - ANSWER: Six-membered rings, resembling the organic molecule pyran.
For example, glucose typically exists as a pyranose ring.
Furanose - ANSWER: Five-membered rings, resembling the organic molecule furan.
Ribose typically forms a furanose ring.
Reducing Sugars - ANSWER: Sugars with a free aldehyde group (aldoses) or ketoses
that can isomerize to aldoses are reducing sugars.
Epimer - ANSWER: An epimer is a stereoisomer that differs in configuration at only
one chiral center.
Amino Sugars - ANSWER: A hydroxyl group is replaced with an amine group (-NH2).
Examples include glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine.
Sugar Alcohols - ANSWER: The carbonyl group is reduced to an alcohol group (-OH).
Examples include xylitol, mannitol, and sorbitol.
Uronic Acids - ANSWER: A terminal carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid (-COOH).
Glucuronic acid is an example.
Deoxy Sugars - ANSWER: A hydroxyl group is removed, as in deoxyribose, a
component of DNA.
Trisaccharides - ANSWER: Consist of three monosaccharide units linked together.
Raffinose, found in broccoli and beans, is an example of a trisaccharide.
Raffinose - ANSWER: Found in broccoli and beans, it is an example of a trisaccharide.
Oligosaccharides - ANSWER: These are short chains of more than three but typically
fewer than 20 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.
Inulin - ANSWER: Found in chicory, it is an example of an oligosaccharide.
