MODULE 7 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy
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Organic Chemicals
Chemistry of Carbon or Carbon containing compounds
Most are non-polar (carbon and hydrogen no polarity)
(O,N,F) - Changes polarity (polar)
Alkane (-ane)
Saturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen bonds (SINGLE
BONDS)
CnH2n+2
Alkene (-ene)
Unsaturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, and at
least one double-bonded carbon atom.
CnH2n
1-4 #carbons = gases
5-14 #carbons = liquids
14+ #carbons = solids
Alkyne (-yne)
Unsaturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms and at
least one triple-bonded atom
CnH2n-2
Alcohol (-ol)
Saturated organic chemicals containing hydroxyl (-OH) groups
PRIMARY - Carbon bonded to OH is bonded to ONE alkyl group (least reactive). Higher
boiling point due to less functional groups.
CnH2n+1OH
Polar due to presence of hydroxide group (which is very negative when compared with
the hydrogen functional group).
Thus, molecules will 'line up' in dipole-dipole interactions, OH will be attracted to H
groups. Thus the boiling points are very high, as the intermolecular forces are large.
High M.P
, Very soluble in water (like dissolves like)
Burning one mole octanol = much more energy than burning one mole methanol.
HIgh level Hydrogen Bonding
Alkanoic Acid
Contain carboxylic acid groups (-COOH)
CnH2n+1OOH or
Cn-1H2n-1COOH
High level hydrogen bonding
High Boiling Point and melting point
Aldehyde (-al)
Carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a hydrogen and bonded
to some further chemical group
Carbonyl groups at the end of the chain
Dipole-Dipole interactions → polar C=O bond results in a permanent dipole
Small molecules soluble in water (partially polar due to hydrogen bond between
oxygen). As nonpolar chain length increases, more soluble in non-polar organic
solvents.
High B.P (when compared to esters and alkanes with similar MM) - due to carbon-
oxygen double bond. LOWER than alcohols
Oxidise quickly to form carboxylic acids.
Ketone (-one)
Carbonyl groups in the middle of a carbon chain
Double bonded to an oxygen, and has two separate single bonds to further chemical
groups
Dipole-Dipole interactions → polar C=O bond results in a permanent dipole
Small molecules soluble in water (partially polar due to hydrogen bond between
oxygen). As nonpolar chain length increases, more soluble in non-polar organic
solvents.
High B.P (when compared to esters and alkanes with similar MM) - due to carbon-
oxygen double bond. LOWER than alcohols
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy
Quality Materials
Organic Chemicals
Chemistry of Carbon or Carbon containing compounds
Most are non-polar (carbon and hydrogen no polarity)
(O,N,F) - Changes polarity (polar)
Alkane (-ane)
Saturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen bonds (SINGLE
BONDS)
CnH2n+2
Alkene (-ene)
Unsaturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, and at
least one double-bonded carbon atom.
CnH2n
1-4 #carbons = gases
5-14 #carbons = liquids
14+ #carbons = solids
Alkyne (-yne)
Unsaturated organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms and at
least one triple-bonded atom
CnH2n-2
Alcohol (-ol)
Saturated organic chemicals containing hydroxyl (-OH) groups
PRIMARY - Carbon bonded to OH is bonded to ONE alkyl group (least reactive). Higher
boiling point due to less functional groups.
CnH2n+1OH
Polar due to presence of hydroxide group (which is very negative when compared with
the hydrogen functional group).
Thus, molecules will 'line up' in dipole-dipole interactions, OH will be attracted to H
groups. Thus the boiling points are very high, as the intermolecular forces are large.
High M.P
, Very soluble in water (like dissolves like)
Burning one mole octanol = much more energy than burning one mole methanol.
HIgh level Hydrogen Bonding
Alkanoic Acid
Contain carboxylic acid groups (-COOH)
CnH2n+1OOH or
Cn-1H2n-1COOH
High level hydrogen bonding
High Boiling Point and melting point
Aldehyde (-al)
Carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a hydrogen and bonded
to some further chemical group
Carbonyl groups at the end of the chain
Dipole-Dipole interactions → polar C=O bond results in a permanent dipole
Small molecules soluble in water (partially polar due to hydrogen bond between
oxygen). As nonpolar chain length increases, more soluble in non-polar organic
solvents.
High B.P (when compared to esters and alkanes with similar MM) - due to carbon-
oxygen double bond. LOWER than alcohols
Oxidise quickly to form carboxylic acids.
Ketone (-one)
Carbonyl groups in the middle of a carbon chain
Double bonded to an oxygen, and has two separate single bonds to further chemical
groups
Dipole-Dipole interactions → polar C=O bond results in a permanent dipole
Small molecules soluble in water (partially polar due to hydrogen bond between
oxygen). As nonpolar chain length increases, more soluble in non-polar organic
solvents.
High B.P (when compared to esters and alkanes with similar MM) - due to carbon-
oxygen double bond. LOWER than alcohols
