(Complete)Pathophysiology of the renal system
Exam Latest UPDATE 2024 ALL UNITS QUESTION
AND ANSWERS REAL/AUTHENTIC COMPLETE
100% ACCURATE STEP BY STEP EXPLANATION
6 main jobs of the kidneys - ANSWER: Filters blood
Blood pressure
Acid-base balance
Make Erythropoietin
Make and Release Renin
Activate Vitamin D
How does the kidney filter the blood? - ANSWER: Excretion of metabolic waste
products, especially Protein by-products (creatinine,
urea, ammonia) and many drugs
How does the renal system regulate blood pressure? - ANSWER: Regulated by
adjusting blood volume and serum osmolarity (by concentrating
or diluting the urine) and secreting the hormone RENIN.
How does the renal system regulate acid-base balance? - ANSWER: Through
reabsorption or excretion of Hydrogen ions [H+] and bicarbonate [HCO3]
The renal system releases erythropoietin that does what? - ANSWER: Erythropoietin
signals the bone marrow to create Red Blood Cells (RBCs).
Without Erythropoietin, the body would not be able to make new RBCs which would
lead to
ANEMIA, and anemia leads to fatigue and s/s of hypoxia.
The renal system makes and releases Renin what does renin do? - ANSWER: Renin
plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS) in the body. When released, this system works to INCREASE BLOOD
PRESSURE.
With no renin, the RAAS system won't work. This will lead to hypotension.
The renal systems activate Vitamin D, why is this important? - ANSWER: Activated
Vitamin D allows the GI tract to absorb more Calcium. Without Vitamin D, the GI
tract would not be able to absorb as much calcium, so would have a risk for
hypocalcemia (see what that means later in the lecture notes).
BUN normal range - ANSWER: less than 20
What is blood urea nitrogen? what can it tell us? - ANSWER: Urea is the byproduct
of protein metabolism in the liver. The ammonia formed in this process is
, synthesized to urea in the liver. Creation of BUN is the most important catabolic
pathway for eliminating excess nitrogen in the human body. Measuring how much
BUN
is in the blood is an indicator of kidney damage. However, BUN is also affected by
dehydration, so it only indicates kidney damage if Creatinine levels are also elevated.
What is Creatinine? what does it tell us if elevated? - ANSWER: a waste product from
the normal breakdown of muscle tissue. As
creatinine is produced, it is filtered through the kidneys and excreted in urine as a
normal product of metabolism. If Creatinine is elevated in the blood that means it is
not being excreted through
the kidneys. An elevated creatinine along with an elevated BUN value, indicate
kidney damage.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - ANSWER: The GFR is 125 mL/min (normal range is
85-135 mL/min). It is a
measure of how much blood (in mL) gets filtered by the glomeruli every minute. The
GFR helps to
detect kidney disease in its early stages more reliably than the creatinine test alone.
GFR is affected by
anything that would decrease the amount of blood flowing through the kidneys. This
could include heart
failure, atherosclerosis or hypotension, among other things.
Urinalysis - ANSWER: breaks down what is being filtered in the kidney.
Specific Gravity normal value, what does it measure? - ANSWER: 1.010-1.030,
measures how dilute or concentrated the urine is.
What does fixed specific gravity mean? - ANSWER: the SG stays the sam through
several tests which indicates the kidney can no longer concentrate or dilute urine.
(kidney death)
RBC's in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: possible kidney stones, infection, bladder
inflammation, kidney damage.
WBC's in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: more than a few WBCs indicate the presence
of infection
Protein in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: kidney is damage allows large protein
molecules to escape
Glucose in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: if blood sugar is too high, glucose will spill
into the urine
Casts in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: pieces of mineral deposits that are breaking
loose and being shed into the urine.
Exam Latest UPDATE 2024 ALL UNITS QUESTION
AND ANSWERS REAL/AUTHENTIC COMPLETE
100% ACCURATE STEP BY STEP EXPLANATION
6 main jobs of the kidneys - ANSWER: Filters blood
Blood pressure
Acid-base balance
Make Erythropoietin
Make and Release Renin
Activate Vitamin D
How does the kidney filter the blood? - ANSWER: Excretion of metabolic waste
products, especially Protein by-products (creatinine,
urea, ammonia) and many drugs
How does the renal system regulate blood pressure? - ANSWER: Regulated by
adjusting blood volume and serum osmolarity (by concentrating
or diluting the urine) and secreting the hormone RENIN.
How does the renal system regulate acid-base balance? - ANSWER: Through
reabsorption or excretion of Hydrogen ions [H+] and bicarbonate [HCO3]
The renal system releases erythropoietin that does what? - ANSWER: Erythropoietin
signals the bone marrow to create Red Blood Cells (RBCs).
Without Erythropoietin, the body would not be able to make new RBCs which would
lead to
ANEMIA, and anemia leads to fatigue and s/s of hypoxia.
The renal system makes and releases Renin what does renin do? - ANSWER: Renin
plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS) in the body. When released, this system works to INCREASE BLOOD
PRESSURE.
With no renin, the RAAS system won't work. This will lead to hypotension.
The renal systems activate Vitamin D, why is this important? - ANSWER: Activated
Vitamin D allows the GI tract to absorb more Calcium. Without Vitamin D, the GI
tract would not be able to absorb as much calcium, so would have a risk for
hypocalcemia (see what that means later in the lecture notes).
BUN normal range - ANSWER: less than 20
What is blood urea nitrogen? what can it tell us? - ANSWER: Urea is the byproduct
of protein metabolism in the liver. The ammonia formed in this process is
, synthesized to urea in the liver. Creation of BUN is the most important catabolic
pathway for eliminating excess nitrogen in the human body. Measuring how much
BUN
is in the blood is an indicator of kidney damage. However, BUN is also affected by
dehydration, so it only indicates kidney damage if Creatinine levels are also elevated.
What is Creatinine? what does it tell us if elevated? - ANSWER: a waste product from
the normal breakdown of muscle tissue. As
creatinine is produced, it is filtered through the kidneys and excreted in urine as a
normal product of metabolism. If Creatinine is elevated in the blood that means it is
not being excreted through
the kidneys. An elevated creatinine along with an elevated BUN value, indicate
kidney damage.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - ANSWER: The GFR is 125 mL/min (normal range is
85-135 mL/min). It is a
measure of how much blood (in mL) gets filtered by the glomeruli every minute. The
GFR helps to
detect kidney disease in its early stages more reliably than the creatinine test alone.
GFR is affected by
anything that would decrease the amount of blood flowing through the kidneys. This
could include heart
failure, atherosclerosis or hypotension, among other things.
Urinalysis - ANSWER: breaks down what is being filtered in the kidney.
Specific Gravity normal value, what does it measure? - ANSWER: 1.010-1.030,
measures how dilute or concentrated the urine is.
What does fixed specific gravity mean? - ANSWER: the SG stays the sam through
several tests which indicates the kidney can no longer concentrate or dilute urine.
(kidney death)
RBC's in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: possible kidney stones, infection, bladder
inflammation, kidney damage.
WBC's in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: more than a few WBCs indicate the presence
of infection
Protein in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: kidney is damage allows large protein
molecules to escape
Glucose in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: if blood sugar is too high, glucose will spill
into the urine
Casts in urinalysis indicate - ANSWER: pieces of mineral deposits that are breaking
loose and being shed into the urine.
