MODULE 7 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy
Quality Materials
Markovnikov's Rule
Adding hydrogen halide - Major product:
H goes to carbon with most hydrogens
X goes to carbon with least hydrogens
Hydrogenation
Alkene -> Alkane
Alkyne -> Alkene
Metal Catalyst (eg Ni, Pb, Pt)
+ Heat 150C
Halogenation
Alkene + X2 -> Haloalkane
Spontaneous (no catalyst required)
Hydrohalogenation
Alkene + HX -> Haloalkane
Spontaneous
Hydration
Alkene + Dilute H2SO4 -> Alcohol
Dilute acid (H2SO4)
+ Heat 300C
Oxidation
Alkene + oxidising agent -> Alcohol
Oxidising agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7)
Combustion (complete)
Alkane + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
heat + excess oxygen
Combustion (incomplete)
Alkane + limited O2 -> CO2 + H2O + CO + C
heat + limited oxygen
Halogenation of Alkane
Alkane + X2 -> Haloalkane
UV light (slow)
Catalytic cracking
Alkane -> Alkane + Alkene
Catalyst (zeolites)
+ heat 550C
Dehydration
Alcohol -> Alkene + Water
Concentrated H2SO4 / Al2O3
+ heat 300C
Substitution
, Alcohol + HX -> Haloalkane + H2O
ZnCl2 (acidic)
Primary alcohols only
Oxidation of Primary Alcohol
Alcohol -> Aldehyde -> Carboxylic acid
Strong oxidising agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7)
Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol
Alcohol -> Ketone
Strong oxidising agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7)
Oxidation of Tertiary alcohol
No reaction
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Monomer - Ethylene
Product - Polyethylene
Conditions - Low Pressure
+ low temperature
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) - Properties + Uses
Properties:
-linear chains pack closely together - high density
-straight chain HDPE have greater dispersion forces than LDPE -higher melting points
-crystalline
Uses:
-plastic utensils
-plastic bottles
-plastic toys
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Monomer - Ethylene
Product - Polyethylene
Conditions - High pressure
+ high temperature
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) - Properties and Uses
Properties:
-Branched structure
-means reduced area of contact
+ reduced dispersion forces
-lower melting point than HDPE
-amorphous nature (shape easily changed) - due to branched structure
Uses:
-plastic bags
-Films
-plastic packaging
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Monomer - chloroethene (vinyl chloride)
Product - polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
320-350K and ca 4 atm (pressure)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - Properties
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy
Quality Materials
Markovnikov's Rule
Adding hydrogen halide - Major product:
H goes to carbon with most hydrogens
X goes to carbon with least hydrogens
Hydrogenation
Alkene -> Alkane
Alkyne -> Alkene
Metal Catalyst (eg Ni, Pb, Pt)
+ Heat 150C
Halogenation
Alkene + X2 -> Haloalkane
Spontaneous (no catalyst required)
Hydrohalogenation
Alkene + HX -> Haloalkane
Spontaneous
Hydration
Alkene + Dilute H2SO4 -> Alcohol
Dilute acid (H2SO4)
+ Heat 300C
Oxidation
Alkene + oxidising agent -> Alcohol
Oxidising agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7)
Combustion (complete)
Alkane + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
heat + excess oxygen
Combustion (incomplete)
Alkane + limited O2 -> CO2 + H2O + CO + C
heat + limited oxygen
Halogenation of Alkane
Alkane + X2 -> Haloalkane
UV light (slow)
Catalytic cracking
Alkane -> Alkane + Alkene
Catalyst (zeolites)
+ heat 550C
Dehydration
Alcohol -> Alkene + Water
Concentrated H2SO4 / Al2O3
+ heat 300C
Substitution
, Alcohol + HX -> Haloalkane + H2O
ZnCl2 (acidic)
Primary alcohols only
Oxidation of Primary Alcohol
Alcohol -> Aldehyde -> Carboxylic acid
Strong oxidising agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7)
Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol
Alcohol -> Ketone
Strong oxidising agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7)
Oxidation of Tertiary alcohol
No reaction
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Monomer - Ethylene
Product - Polyethylene
Conditions - Low Pressure
+ low temperature
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) - Properties + Uses
Properties:
-linear chains pack closely together - high density
-straight chain HDPE have greater dispersion forces than LDPE -higher melting points
-crystalline
Uses:
-plastic utensils
-plastic bottles
-plastic toys
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Monomer - Ethylene
Product - Polyethylene
Conditions - High pressure
+ high temperature
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) - Properties and Uses
Properties:
-Branched structure
-means reduced area of contact
+ reduced dispersion forces
-lower melting point than HDPE
-amorphous nature (shape easily changed) - due to branched structure
Uses:
-plastic bags
-Films
-plastic packaging
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Monomer - chloroethene (vinyl chloride)
Product - polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
320-350K and ca 4 atm (pressure)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - Properties
