MODULE 7 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS WITH
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Chain Isomers - Definition & Examples
Definition: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of
the carbon skeleton.
Example: Butane and isobutane (2-methylpropane)
Positional Isomers - Definition & Examples
Definition: Compounds with the same carbon skeleton and functional groups but
different positions of the functional groups.
Example: 1-butanol and 2-butanol
Functional Group Isomers - Definition & Examples
Definition: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different functional groups.
Example: Ethanol (an alcohol) and dimethyl ether (an ether)
Alcohols - Generic Formula
R-OH (CnH2n+1OH)
Carboxylic Acids - General Formula
R-COOH (CnH2n+1COOH)
Amines - General Formula
R-NH2 (The formula for primary amines is RNH2, these amines only have one alkyl
group. The formula for secondary amines is R2NH and the formula for tertiary amines is
R3N.)
Amides - General Formula
R-CONH2 (A primary amide has general formula RCO−NH2. A secondary amide has
general formula RCO−NHR. A tertiary amide has general formula RCO−NR2.)
Aldehydes - General Formula
R-CHO (CnH2n+2. CHO)
Ketones - General Formula
R-CO-R' (CnH2nO)
Alkanes - General Formula
R-H (CnH2n+2)
Alkenes - General Formula
R-CH=CH-R' (CnH2n)
Alkynes - General Formula
R-C≡C-R' (CnH2n-2)
Halides - General Formula
R-X (where X is a halogen)
Esters - General Formula
RCOOR′
Alcohols - Naming Conventions
, Naming Convention: The name of an alcohol is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain, dropping the -e and adding -ol. The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by
a number.
Example: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
Carboxylic Acids - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of a carboxylic acid is derived from the parent
hydrocarbon chain by dropping the -e and adding -oic acid. The carboxyl group is
always at position 1, so no number is needed.
Example: Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Amines - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an amine is derived by naming the alkyl groups
attached to the nitrogen followed by the word "amine". If there are multiple groups,
prefixes like di- or tri- are used.
Example: Methylamine (CH3NH2)
Amides - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an amide is derived from the carboxylic acid by
dropping -oic acid and adding -amide.
Example: Ethamide (CH3CONH2)
Aldehydes - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an aldehyde is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain by dropping the -e and adding -al. The aldehyde group is always at position 1.
Example: Ethanal (CH3CHO)
Ketones - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of a ketone is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain by dropping the -e and adding -one. The position of the carbonyl group is
indicated by a number.
Example: Propanone (CH3COCH3)
Alkenes - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an alkene is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain by dropping the -ane and adding -ene. The position of the double bond is
indicated by a number.
Example: Ethene (C2H4)
Alkynes - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an alkyne is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain by dropping the -ane and adding -yne. The position of the triple bond is indicated
by a number.
Example: Ethyne (C2H2)
Halides - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of a halide is derived by naming the alkyl group followed
by the halogen as a prefix (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-).
Example: Chloromethane (CH3Cl)
Esters - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an ester is derived from the name of the alcohol and
the carboxylic acid from which it is formed. The alkyl group from the alcohol comes first,
followed by the name of the acid, but with the suffix -oate.
Example: Ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3)
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Chain Isomers - Definition & Examples
Definition: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of
the carbon skeleton.
Example: Butane and isobutane (2-methylpropane)
Positional Isomers - Definition & Examples
Definition: Compounds with the same carbon skeleton and functional groups but
different positions of the functional groups.
Example: 1-butanol and 2-butanol
Functional Group Isomers - Definition & Examples
Definition: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different functional groups.
Example: Ethanol (an alcohol) and dimethyl ether (an ether)
Alcohols - Generic Formula
R-OH (CnH2n+1OH)
Carboxylic Acids - General Formula
R-COOH (CnH2n+1COOH)
Amines - General Formula
R-NH2 (The formula for primary amines is RNH2, these amines only have one alkyl
group. The formula for secondary amines is R2NH and the formula for tertiary amines is
R3N.)
Amides - General Formula
R-CONH2 (A primary amide has general formula RCO−NH2. A secondary amide has
general formula RCO−NHR. A tertiary amide has general formula RCO−NR2.)
Aldehydes - General Formula
R-CHO (CnH2n+2. CHO)
Ketones - General Formula
R-CO-R' (CnH2nO)
Alkanes - General Formula
R-H (CnH2n+2)
Alkenes - General Formula
R-CH=CH-R' (CnH2n)
Alkynes - General Formula
R-C≡C-R' (CnH2n-2)
Halides - General Formula
R-X (where X is a halogen)
Esters - General Formula
RCOOR′
Alcohols - Naming Conventions
, Naming Convention: The name of an alcohol is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain, dropping the -e and adding -ol. The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by
a number.
Example: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
Carboxylic Acids - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of a carboxylic acid is derived from the parent
hydrocarbon chain by dropping the -e and adding -oic acid. The carboxyl group is
always at position 1, so no number is needed.
Example: Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Amines - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an amine is derived by naming the alkyl groups
attached to the nitrogen followed by the word "amine". If there are multiple groups,
prefixes like di- or tri- are used.
Example: Methylamine (CH3NH2)
Amides - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an amide is derived from the carboxylic acid by
dropping -oic acid and adding -amide.
Example: Ethamide (CH3CONH2)
Aldehydes - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an aldehyde is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain by dropping the -e and adding -al. The aldehyde group is always at position 1.
Example: Ethanal (CH3CHO)
Ketones - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of a ketone is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain by dropping the -e and adding -one. The position of the carbonyl group is
indicated by a number.
Example: Propanone (CH3COCH3)
Alkenes - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an alkene is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain by dropping the -ane and adding -ene. The position of the double bond is
indicated by a number.
Example: Ethene (C2H4)
Alkynes - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an alkyne is derived from the parent hydrocarbon
chain by dropping the -ane and adding -yne. The position of the triple bond is indicated
by a number.
Example: Ethyne (C2H2)
Halides - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of a halide is derived by naming the alkyl group followed
by the halogen as a prefix (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-).
Example: Chloromethane (CH3Cl)
Esters - Naming Conventions
Naming Convention: The name of an ester is derived from the name of the alcohol and
the carboxylic acid from which it is formed. The alkyl group from the alcohol comes first,
followed by the name of the acid, but with the suffix -oate.
Example: Ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3)
