D202 Human Growth and Development Final Exam
2024 GRADED A+ WGU CERTIFIED EXAM 100% (200
Questions)
self-concept - ANSWER: an understanding of personal abilities and attributes that
develops during middle childhood
self-esteem - ANSWER: an evaluation of personal identity and assessment of the self
while performing various activities
self-efficacy - ANSWER: belief in the abilities of self to behave in a certain way to
bring about specific results
Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority - ANSWER: 4th stage of human development. busy
industrious, constantly doing something, planning, playing, gathering w/friends
gaining a sense of confidence
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development - ANSWER: 1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
He has six stages organized into 3 categories. May describe males better then
females.
Kohlberg's preconventional morality - ANSWER: Stage 1, moral reasoning based on
concepts of punishment. The child believes if the consequence for an action is
punishment, then the action was wrong. A sense of right/wrong, individuals only
think about rewards and avoidance of punishment. AGE: prior to 9yrs old
Kohlberg conventional morality - ANSWER: a sense of right and wrong that is
accepted by an individual though no rewards or punishments are involved. wants to
please people. Complies with the law. AGE: older children, adolescents, and most
adults.
Kohlberg postconventional morality - ANSWER: a sense of right and wrong in which
an individual thinks about the welfare of society as a whole. Rare to reach this
morality. AGE: Rare with adolescents and few adults.
sociometric assessment - ANSWER: a method of measuring interpersonal
relationships in a social group.
friendship - ANSWER: peer interactions often involve parallel play as toddlers.
Friends are referred to based on proximity, next door neighbor, schoolmate etc.
Later on based on trust and commitment. Bigelow and Selmen believe these changes
are linked to advances in cognitive development
, Momentary physical interaction - ANSWER: A friend is someone you are playing with
at this point in time. Selman (1980) notes that this is typical of children between the
ages of three and six. These early friendships are based more on circumstances (for
example, a neighbor) than on genuine similarities.
One-way assistance - ANSWER: A friend is someone who does nice things for you,
such as saving you a seat on the school bus or sharing a toy. However, children in
this stage do not always think about what they are contributing to the relationships.
Nonetheless, having a friend is important, and children will sometimes put up with a
not-so-nice friend just to have a friend. Children as young as five and as old as nine
may be in this stage.
Fair-weather cooperation - ANSWER: Children are very concerned with fairness and
reciprocity, and thus, a friend is someone who returns a favor. In this stage, if a child
does something nice for a friend, there is an expectation that the friend will do
something nice for them at the first available opportunity. When this fails to happen,
a child may break off the friendship. Selman found that some children as young as 7
and as old as 12 are in this stage.
Intimate and mutual sharing - ANSWER: Typically between the ages of 8 and 15, a
friend is someone to whom you can tell things you would tell no one else. Children
and teens in this stage no longer "keep score" and do things for a friend because
they genuinely care for the person. If a friendship dissolves in this stage, it is usually
due to a violation of trust. However, children in this stage do expect their friends to
share similar interests and viewpoints and may take it as a betrayal if a friend likes
someone that they do not.
Autonomous interdependence - ANSWER: A friend is someone who accepts you and
whom you accept as they are. In this stage, children, teens, and adults accept and
even appreciate differences between themselves and their friends. They are also not
as possessive, so they are less likely to feel threatened if their friends have other
relationships or interests. Children are typically 12 or older in this stage.
adolescence - ANSWER: the transitional phase of growth and development between
childhood and adulthood
sexual intercourse - ANSWER: sexual contact between individuals involving
penetration, especially the insertion of a man's erect penis into a woman's vagina,
typically culminating in orgasm and the ejaculation of semen
birth control - ANSWER: or contraception is any method, medicine, or device used to
prevent pregnancy
Adolescent Sexual Activity - ANSWER: Increased sexual attraction by 10/11 yrs old.
By end of High school, 1/2 students having sex.
2024 GRADED A+ WGU CERTIFIED EXAM 100% (200
Questions)
self-concept - ANSWER: an understanding of personal abilities and attributes that
develops during middle childhood
self-esteem - ANSWER: an evaluation of personal identity and assessment of the self
while performing various activities
self-efficacy - ANSWER: belief in the abilities of self to behave in a certain way to
bring about specific results
Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority - ANSWER: 4th stage of human development. busy
industrious, constantly doing something, planning, playing, gathering w/friends
gaining a sense of confidence
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development - ANSWER: 1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
He has six stages organized into 3 categories. May describe males better then
females.
Kohlberg's preconventional morality - ANSWER: Stage 1, moral reasoning based on
concepts of punishment. The child believes if the consequence for an action is
punishment, then the action was wrong. A sense of right/wrong, individuals only
think about rewards and avoidance of punishment. AGE: prior to 9yrs old
Kohlberg conventional morality - ANSWER: a sense of right and wrong that is
accepted by an individual though no rewards or punishments are involved. wants to
please people. Complies with the law. AGE: older children, adolescents, and most
adults.
Kohlberg postconventional morality - ANSWER: a sense of right and wrong in which
an individual thinks about the welfare of society as a whole. Rare to reach this
morality. AGE: Rare with adolescents and few adults.
sociometric assessment - ANSWER: a method of measuring interpersonal
relationships in a social group.
friendship - ANSWER: peer interactions often involve parallel play as toddlers.
Friends are referred to based on proximity, next door neighbor, schoolmate etc.
Later on based on trust and commitment. Bigelow and Selmen believe these changes
are linked to advances in cognitive development
, Momentary physical interaction - ANSWER: A friend is someone you are playing with
at this point in time. Selman (1980) notes that this is typical of children between the
ages of three and six. These early friendships are based more on circumstances (for
example, a neighbor) than on genuine similarities.
One-way assistance - ANSWER: A friend is someone who does nice things for you,
such as saving you a seat on the school bus or sharing a toy. However, children in
this stage do not always think about what they are contributing to the relationships.
Nonetheless, having a friend is important, and children will sometimes put up with a
not-so-nice friend just to have a friend. Children as young as five and as old as nine
may be in this stage.
Fair-weather cooperation - ANSWER: Children are very concerned with fairness and
reciprocity, and thus, a friend is someone who returns a favor. In this stage, if a child
does something nice for a friend, there is an expectation that the friend will do
something nice for them at the first available opportunity. When this fails to happen,
a child may break off the friendship. Selman found that some children as young as 7
and as old as 12 are in this stage.
Intimate and mutual sharing - ANSWER: Typically between the ages of 8 and 15, a
friend is someone to whom you can tell things you would tell no one else. Children
and teens in this stage no longer "keep score" and do things for a friend because
they genuinely care for the person. If a friendship dissolves in this stage, it is usually
due to a violation of trust. However, children in this stage do expect their friends to
share similar interests and viewpoints and may take it as a betrayal if a friend likes
someone that they do not.
Autonomous interdependence - ANSWER: A friend is someone who accepts you and
whom you accept as they are. In this stage, children, teens, and adults accept and
even appreciate differences between themselves and their friends. They are also not
as possessive, so they are less likely to feel threatened if their friends have other
relationships or interests. Children are typically 12 or older in this stage.
adolescence - ANSWER: the transitional phase of growth and development between
childhood and adulthood
sexual intercourse - ANSWER: sexual contact between individuals involving
penetration, especially the insertion of a man's erect penis into a woman's vagina,
typically culminating in orgasm and the ejaculation of semen
birth control - ANSWER: or contraception is any method, medicine, or device used to
prevent pregnancy
Adolescent Sexual Activity - ANSWER: Increased sexual attraction by 10/11 yrs old.
By end of High school, 1/2 students having sex.
