NURS 366 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology FINAL
EXAM 2024 VCU EXAM|GUARANTEED PASS
Cardiac tamponade - ANSWER: Chest injury causing trauma to the heart
collection of fluid around the heart
Endocarditis - ANSWER: Inflammation of the inside lining of he heart
Pericarditis - ANSWER: Sac-like covering of the heart becomes inflammed
Arteriosclerosis - ANSWER: Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessels
Athrosclerosis - ANSWER: Formation of fibro-fatty lesions (plaque) in intimae of
medium and large arteries
Stenosis - ANSWER: Slow and turbulent blood flow around plaque causing thrombi
formation
Hypertension - ANSWER: Consistent increase in systemic blood pressure
Arrythmias - ANSWER: Without cardiac movement
Causes -
- abnormal rate of impulse generation by SA node
- abnormal conduction pathways through the heart
Postural hypertension - ANSWER: Decreased BP on standing
Lack of normal BP compensation in response to gravitational changes
Angina pectoris - ANSWER: Myocardial ischaemia
ranging between stable angina and myocardial infarction
Angina pectoris
Signs and symptoms - ANSWER: Pain - unpredictable, lasts for >10mins
no ECG changes or raised cardiac markers
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) - ANSWER: One or several arteries become
blocked
By blood clot or plaque
AMI
Diagnosis studies - ANSWER: 12 lead ECG
troponin bloods
serum cardiac markers
echocardiogram
coronary angiography (stent)
, AMI
Signs and symptoms - ANSWER: Chest pain >20mins
breathlessness
anxious
tachycardia
pallor
hypertensive
AMI
Treatment - ANSWER: MONA
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrates
Aspirin
AMI
Nursing interventions - ANSWER: O2 therapy
analgesias
ECG monitoring
drug therapy
education - re. lifestyle changes, reducing stress
IV access
blood tests
Managing cardiovascular disorders - ANSWER: Beta adrenergic blockers
Calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
Inotropics
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Nitrates
Beta Adrenergic blockers - ANSWER: block beta1 adrenergic receptors
decrease cardiac output
decrease O2 demand
-ve inotropic effect
Calcium Channel blockers - ANSWER: prevent passage of calcium ions across
myocardial cell membrane and vascular smooth muscle cell
- dilation of coronary and peripheral arteries
- decrease workload of heart
- decrease O2 supply by slowing down HR
- -ve inotropic effect
ACE inhibitors - ANSWER: Potent vasoconstrictor = increase in BP
stimulated aldosterone = Na and H20 reabsorpt.
block conversion of angiotensin I-> II, a vasoconstrictor
leads to control of BP through vasodilation
EXAM 2024 VCU EXAM|GUARANTEED PASS
Cardiac tamponade - ANSWER: Chest injury causing trauma to the heart
collection of fluid around the heart
Endocarditis - ANSWER: Inflammation of the inside lining of he heart
Pericarditis - ANSWER: Sac-like covering of the heart becomes inflammed
Arteriosclerosis - ANSWER: Abnormal thickening and hardening of blood vessels
Athrosclerosis - ANSWER: Formation of fibro-fatty lesions (plaque) in intimae of
medium and large arteries
Stenosis - ANSWER: Slow and turbulent blood flow around plaque causing thrombi
formation
Hypertension - ANSWER: Consistent increase in systemic blood pressure
Arrythmias - ANSWER: Without cardiac movement
Causes -
- abnormal rate of impulse generation by SA node
- abnormal conduction pathways through the heart
Postural hypertension - ANSWER: Decreased BP on standing
Lack of normal BP compensation in response to gravitational changes
Angina pectoris - ANSWER: Myocardial ischaemia
ranging between stable angina and myocardial infarction
Angina pectoris
Signs and symptoms - ANSWER: Pain - unpredictable, lasts for >10mins
no ECG changes or raised cardiac markers
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) - ANSWER: One or several arteries become
blocked
By blood clot or plaque
AMI
Diagnosis studies - ANSWER: 12 lead ECG
troponin bloods
serum cardiac markers
echocardiogram
coronary angiography (stent)
, AMI
Signs and symptoms - ANSWER: Chest pain >20mins
breathlessness
anxious
tachycardia
pallor
hypertensive
AMI
Treatment - ANSWER: MONA
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrates
Aspirin
AMI
Nursing interventions - ANSWER: O2 therapy
analgesias
ECG monitoring
drug therapy
education - re. lifestyle changes, reducing stress
IV access
blood tests
Managing cardiovascular disorders - ANSWER: Beta adrenergic blockers
Calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
Inotropics
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Nitrates
Beta Adrenergic blockers - ANSWER: block beta1 adrenergic receptors
decrease cardiac output
decrease O2 demand
-ve inotropic effect
Calcium Channel blockers - ANSWER: prevent passage of calcium ions across
myocardial cell membrane and vascular smooth muscle cell
- dilation of coronary and peripheral arteries
- decrease workload of heart
- decrease O2 supply by slowing down HR
- -ve inotropic effect
ACE inhibitors - ANSWER: Potent vasoconstrictor = increase in BP
stimulated aldosterone = Na and H20 reabsorpt.
block conversion of angiotensin I-> II, a vasoconstrictor
leads to control of BP through vasodilation
