NURS 366 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology FINAL
EXAM 2024 VCU EXAM|GUARANTEED PASS
Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis - ANSWER: Long standing irritation of the
airways by tobacco smoke, and or silica, grain and cotton dusts. → 1
Chronic inflammation leads to scarring and thickening of the airways. → 2,
Release of inflammatory mediators, which stimulate the production of excessive
mucus. → 3,
Obstruction of the airways due to scarring and accumulation of mucus. → 4,
The state of lack of sufficient oxygen for a cell or tissue to adequately function is
called _________. - ANSWER: hypoxia
A 40-year-old female is undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. Which of the
following cellular changes is most likely to be associated with her cancer? - ANSWER:
dysplasia
The generic name of a medication is the _________. - ANSWER: shortened and
simplified version of chemical name
Which respiratory device areis NOT effective for use in acute exacerbation of
asthma? - ANSWER: dry powder
A cellular adaptation where one cell type transforms into another. - ANSWER:
metaplasia
The rate of intake equals the rate of elimination to create a steady blood plasma
level of the drug. - ANSWER: steady state
Occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to persistent or intense stimuli. - ANSWER:
cell abaptation
The harmful effects that occur with the administration of a normal dose of
medication. - ANSWER: allergic reaction
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Factors that influence drug absorption
Select one:
a. Hepatic first-pass effects.
b. Ionisation state of the drug.
c. Rate of gastric emptying.
d. Lipid solubility of the drug.
e. All correct. - ANSWER: Hepatic first pass effects
,Which type of necrosis is found in the lungs of those with tuberculosis? - ANSWER:
caseous necrosis
Drugs are best absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract if they are _________. -
ANSWER: Lipophilic.
Drugs that are liver enzyme inducers may _________. - ANSWER: Increase a drug's
metabolism
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Liquefactive necrosis
Select one:
a. Cells look cheese-like.
b. Tissue becomes a semi-solid mass.
c. Rapid tissue degradation.
d. Cells are completely digested by lysosomal enzymes.
e. All correct - ANSWER: cells look cheese like
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Phases of pharmacokinetics
Select one:
a. Movement of the drug into the bloodstream from the site of administration.
b. Movement of the drug to its site of action.
c. How the drug is broken down.
d. How the drug is removed from the body.
e. All correct. - ANSWER: all correct
What is hyperplasia?
Select one:
a. Rapid cell division characteristic of malignant tumours.
b. Controlled cell division that results in cells that vary in shape and appearance.
c. A controlled decrease in the number of cells in a tissue.
d. A controlled increase in the number of cells in a tissue. - ANSWER: A controlled
increase in the number of cells in a tissue.
A classic example of atrophy would be _________.
Select one:
a. a decrease in muscular cell size due to prolonged immobility
b. increased cell numbers in the prostate gland commonly seen in elderly males
c. a precancerous cell of the cervix
d. increased size of the ventricles of the heart due to hypertension - ANSWER: a. a
decrease in muscular cell size due to prolonged immobility
,A client you are caring for is taking an antibiotic for bronchitis. The client develops
hives. This is an example of _________.
Select one:
a. An allergic reaction.
b. A predictable reaction.
c. A good reaction.
d. A paradoxical reaction. - ANSWER: allergic reaction
A client has renal insufficiency and is taking multiple medications. The nurse
understands that _________.
Select one:
a. The client should stop all medications until renal function improves.
b. This can effect how the medications are distributed in the body.
c. As long as the client's liver function is normal, no adjustment in dosage is required.
d. The client may need to have lower dosages, because of the risk of accumulation of
the medications. - ANSWER: d. The client may need to have lower dosages, because
of the risk of accumulation of the medications.
An intramuscular drug injection is given to someone just prior to running a foot race.
Would the effects be increased or decreased?
Select one:
a. Increased as exercise directs blood flow away from the muscles.
b. Normal absorption regardless of exercise.
c. Increased as exercise increases blood flow to the muscles.
d. Decreased as exercise would direct blood flow away from the muscles. - ANSWER:
c. Increased as exercise increases blood flow to the muscles.
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Hypoxia
Select one:
a. Usually occurs as a result of ischaemia.
b. Is lower than normal levels of oxygen in the tissues.
c. Is higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide in the tissues.
d. Can be caused by anaemia.
e. All correct - ANSWER: c. Is higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide in the
tissues.
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Receptors that use first messengers
Select one:
a. Cyclic nucleotides.
b. G-protein-coupled receptors.
c. Cytoplasmic receptors.
, d. Tyrosine kinase receptors.
e. All correct. - ANSWER: a. Cyclic nucleotides.
A symptom is _________.
Select one:
a. the changes observed by the person affected, their family, or other people.
b. a localised response to disease.
c. the changes felt by the person affected.
d. an alteration to normal body function. - ANSWER: changes felt by the person
The pigment lipofuscin, which accumulates in skin cells as we age, is caused by
_________.
Select one:
a. the breakdown of haemoglobin
b. the breakdown of melanin
c. the breakdown of mitochondria
d. the breakdown of lysosomes - ANSWER: breakdown of lysomes
You are caring for a client who has ascites due to liver failure and chronic renal
failure. He is given a medication with a half-life of 30 hours. You expect the duration
of action of this medication to be _________.
Select one:
a. Diminished.
b. Decreased.
c. Remain unchanged.
d. Increased. - ANSWER: increased
Pharmacological effect is achieved by _________.
Select one:
a. The portion of protein-bound drug.
b. Ionisation.
c. Penetrating the blood-brain barrier.
d. The portion of free or unbound drug. - ANSWER: d. The portion of free or unbound
drug
The distribution of drugs is directly related to which of the following?
Select one:
a. The pH of the drug.
b. Plasma protein binding.
c. Creatinine clearance.
d. Kidney size. - ANSWER: b. plasma protein binding
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Types of necrosis
Select one:
EXAM 2024 VCU EXAM|GUARANTEED PASS
Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis - ANSWER: Long standing irritation of the
airways by tobacco smoke, and or silica, grain and cotton dusts. → 1
Chronic inflammation leads to scarring and thickening of the airways. → 2,
Release of inflammatory mediators, which stimulate the production of excessive
mucus. → 3,
Obstruction of the airways due to scarring and accumulation of mucus. → 4,
The state of lack of sufficient oxygen for a cell or tissue to adequately function is
called _________. - ANSWER: hypoxia
A 40-year-old female is undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. Which of the
following cellular changes is most likely to be associated with her cancer? - ANSWER:
dysplasia
The generic name of a medication is the _________. - ANSWER: shortened and
simplified version of chemical name
Which respiratory device areis NOT effective for use in acute exacerbation of
asthma? - ANSWER: dry powder
A cellular adaptation where one cell type transforms into another. - ANSWER:
metaplasia
The rate of intake equals the rate of elimination to create a steady blood plasma
level of the drug. - ANSWER: steady state
Occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to persistent or intense stimuli. - ANSWER:
cell abaptation
The harmful effects that occur with the administration of a normal dose of
medication. - ANSWER: allergic reaction
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Factors that influence drug absorption
Select one:
a. Hepatic first-pass effects.
b. Ionisation state of the drug.
c. Rate of gastric emptying.
d. Lipid solubility of the drug.
e. All correct. - ANSWER: Hepatic first pass effects
,Which type of necrosis is found in the lungs of those with tuberculosis? - ANSWER:
caseous necrosis
Drugs are best absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract if they are _________. -
ANSWER: Lipophilic.
Drugs that are liver enzyme inducers may _________. - ANSWER: Increase a drug's
metabolism
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Liquefactive necrosis
Select one:
a. Cells look cheese-like.
b. Tissue becomes a semi-solid mass.
c. Rapid tissue degradation.
d. Cells are completely digested by lysosomal enzymes.
e. All correct - ANSWER: cells look cheese like
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Phases of pharmacokinetics
Select one:
a. Movement of the drug into the bloodstream from the site of administration.
b. Movement of the drug to its site of action.
c. How the drug is broken down.
d. How the drug is removed from the body.
e. All correct. - ANSWER: all correct
What is hyperplasia?
Select one:
a. Rapid cell division characteristic of malignant tumours.
b. Controlled cell division that results in cells that vary in shape and appearance.
c. A controlled decrease in the number of cells in a tissue.
d. A controlled increase in the number of cells in a tissue. - ANSWER: A controlled
increase in the number of cells in a tissue.
A classic example of atrophy would be _________.
Select one:
a. a decrease in muscular cell size due to prolonged immobility
b. increased cell numbers in the prostate gland commonly seen in elderly males
c. a precancerous cell of the cervix
d. increased size of the ventricles of the heart due to hypertension - ANSWER: a. a
decrease in muscular cell size due to prolonged immobility
,A client you are caring for is taking an antibiotic for bronchitis. The client develops
hives. This is an example of _________.
Select one:
a. An allergic reaction.
b. A predictable reaction.
c. A good reaction.
d. A paradoxical reaction. - ANSWER: allergic reaction
A client has renal insufficiency and is taking multiple medications. The nurse
understands that _________.
Select one:
a. The client should stop all medications until renal function improves.
b. This can effect how the medications are distributed in the body.
c. As long as the client's liver function is normal, no adjustment in dosage is required.
d. The client may need to have lower dosages, because of the risk of accumulation of
the medications. - ANSWER: d. The client may need to have lower dosages, because
of the risk of accumulation of the medications.
An intramuscular drug injection is given to someone just prior to running a foot race.
Would the effects be increased or decreased?
Select one:
a. Increased as exercise directs blood flow away from the muscles.
b. Normal absorption regardless of exercise.
c. Increased as exercise increases blood flow to the muscles.
d. Decreased as exercise would direct blood flow away from the muscles. - ANSWER:
c. Increased as exercise increases blood flow to the muscles.
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Hypoxia
Select one:
a. Usually occurs as a result of ischaemia.
b. Is lower than normal levels of oxygen in the tissues.
c. Is higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide in the tissues.
d. Can be caused by anaemia.
e. All correct - ANSWER: c. Is higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide in the
tissues.
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Receptors that use first messengers
Select one:
a. Cyclic nucleotides.
b. G-protein-coupled receptors.
c. Cytoplasmic receptors.
, d. Tyrosine kinase receptors.
e. All correct. - ANSWER: a. Cyclic nucleotides.
A symptom is _________.
Select one:
a. the changes observed by the person affected, their family, or other people.
b. a localised response to disease.
c. the changes felt by the person affected.
d. an alteration to normal body function. - ANSWER: changes felt by the person
The pigment lipofuscin, which accumulates in skin cells as we age, is caused by
_________.
Select one:
a. the breakdown of haemoglobin
b. the breakdown of melanin
c. the breakdown of mitochondria
d. the breakdown of lysosomes - ANSWER: breakdown of lysomes
You are caring for a client who has ascites due to liver failure and chronic renal
failure. He is given a medication with a half-life of 30 hours. You expect the duration
of action of this medication to be _________.
Select one:
a. Diminished.
b. Decreased.
c. Remain unchanged.
d. Increased. - ANSWER: increased
Pharmacological effect is achieved by _________.
Select one:
a. The portion of protein-bound drug.
b. Ionisation.
c. Penetrating the blood-brain barrier.
d. The portion of free or unbound drug. - ANSWER: d. The portion of free or unbound
drug
The distribution of drugs is directly related to which of the following?
Select one:
a. The pH of the drug.
b. Plasma protein binding.
c. Creatinine clearance.
d. Kidney size. - ANSWER: b. plasma protein binding
If the options do not all belong to the group, you must indicate which item does not
belong to the group by selecting it from the list of options.
Types of necrosis
Select one:
