Biology 252 Exam 1 latest 2024 Accurate Summer Term
Exam GRADED A+
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER: how varied components of living things adjust to
maintain a constant internal living environment. There is a balanced dynamic state!
Diseases result from homeostatic imbalances (diabetes)
What are the levels of organization? - ANSWER: chemical - cellular - tissue - organ -
organ system - organismal
What is the nervous system made of? - ANSWER: The Central nervous system (brain
and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal
nerves).
What is the big picture of the nervous system? What does this mean? - ANSWER:
Input - Processing - Output. Explain.
Most of our wiring is _____. - ANSWER: insulated.
Describe the soma, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies, dendrites, axon and axon hillock. -
ANSWER: Soma- body of the neuron cell.
Neurofibrils- work with microtubules to compartmentalize rough ER into Nissl
bodies.
Nissl bodies- help identify neurons in tissue sections with mixed cell types
Dendrites- primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
axon hillock- nerve fiber where axon originates
axon- conducs nerve signals to remote point from the soma. contains Varicosities
secrete NTs.
How are neurons classified? - ANSWER: By number of processes extending from the
soma.
What is the difference in multipolar nerons, bipolar neurons, and anaxonic neurons?
- ANSWER: multipolar - one axon with multiple dendrites. Includes most neurons of
the brain and spinal cord.
bipolar- one axon and one dendrite.
Anaxonic- multiple dendrites, no axon. Communicate through dendrites and produce
no action. found in brain, retina, and adrenal medulla.
What is axonal transport? - ANSWER: two way passage of proteins, organelles, and
other materials along the axon.
What is anterograde and retrograde transport? - ANSWER: anterograde- moves
down the axon, away from the soma.
retrograde- moves up the axon, towards the soma.
, What are 3 properties that enable communication with other cells? - ANSWER: 1.
Excitability (response to stimuli or environmental change).
2. Conductivity ( production of electrical signals that are conducted to other cells at
distant locations).
3. Secretion (when a signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, neuron secretes a NT
that crosses gap and enters the next cell).
What are sensory neurons? - ANSWER: (dealing with the five senses) They are a part
of the PNS (afferent). They conduct signals from receptors to the nervous system.
Detect stimuli and transmit info TOWARDs the CNS.
somatic: bones, joints, and muscles
visceral: comes from inside us like internal organs
(organized by location)
What are interneurons? - ANSWER: They lie within the CNS. They receive signals and
carry out the integrative function of the nervous system. They take info from sensory
neurons in the PNS and make decisions.
What are motor (efferent) neurons? - ANSWER: sends signals AWAY from the CNS to
primarily muscle cells (effector).
somatic: skeletal muscle
autonomic: things you can't control (like digestion, heartbeat, glands in hormonal
signaling) -- smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, hormones.
(organized by target cell)
What is the myelin sheath? - ANSWER: A whitish, fatty segmented sheath around
most LONG (not all) axons. They increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission. It
is formed by cells. The cell has concentric layers of membrane that make up the
myelin sheath.
What are neuroglia? - ANSWER: glia cells that protect neurons by binging them
together to provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue. Prevent neurons
from contacting each other.
What are the four neuroglia in the central nervous system ? - ANSWER: Astrocytes,
Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, and Microglia
Astrocytes - ANSWER: - support and brace neurons
- control the chemical environment
- cover the brain and nonsynaptic regions of neurons
- supportive framework of CNS
- induce BBB
- influence synaptic signaling
- secrete growth factors
- removes K+ and some NTs from ECF of brain and spinal cord
- form scar tissue
Exam GRADED A+
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER: how varied components of living things adjust to
maintain a constant internal living environment. There is a balanced dynamic state!
Diseases result from homeostatic imbalances (diabetes)
What are the levels of organization? - ANSWER: chemical - cellular - tissue - organ -
organ system - organismal
What is the nervous system made of? - ANSWER: The Central nervous system (brain
and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal
nerves).
What is the big picture of the nervous system? What does this mean? - ANSWER:
Input - Processing - Output. Explain.
Most of our wiring is _____. - ANSWER: insulated.
Describe the soma, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies, dendrites, axon and axon hillock. -
ANSWER: Soma- body of the neuron cell.
Neurofibrils- work with microtubules to compartmentalize rough ER into Nissl
bodies.
Nissl bodies- help identify neurons in tissue sections with mixed cell types
Dendrites- primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
axon hillock- nerve fiber where axon originates
axon- conducs nerve signals to remote point from the soma. contains Varicosities
secrete NTs.
How are neurons classified? - ANSWER: By number of processes extending from the
soma.
What is the difference in multipolar nerons, bipolar neurons, and anaxonic neurons?
- ANSWER: multipolar - one axon with multiple dendrites. Includes most neurons of
the brain and spinal cord.
bipolar- one axon and one dendrite.
Anaxonic- multiple dendrites, no axon. Communicate through dendrites and produce
no action. found in brain, retina, and adrenal medulla.
What is axonal transport? - ANSWER: two way passage of proteins, organelles, and
other materials along the axon.
What is anterograde and retrograde transport? - ANSWER: anterograde- moves
down the axon, away from the soma.
retrograde- moves up the axon, towards the soma.
, What are 3 properties that enable communication with other cells? - ANSWER: 1.
Excitability (response to stimuli or environmental change).
2. Conductivity ( production of electrical signals that are conducted to other cells at
distant locations).
3. Secretion (when a signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, neuron secretes a NT
that crosses gap and enters the next cell).
What are sensory neurons? - ANSWER: (dealing with the five senses) They are a part
of the PNS (afferent). They conduct signals from receptors to the nervous system.
Detect stimuli and transmit info TOWARDs the CNS.
somatic: bones, joints, and muscles
visceral: comes from inside us like internal organs
(organized by location)
What are interneurons? - ANSWER: They lie within the CNS. They receive signals and
carry out the integrative function of the nervous system. They take info from sensory
neurons in the PNS and make decisions.
What are motor (efferent) neurons? - ANSWER: sends signals AWAY from the CNS to
primarily muscle cells (effector).
somatic: skeletal muscle
autonomic: things you can't control (like digestion, heartbeat, glands in hormonal
signaling) -- smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, hormones.
(organized by target cell)
What is the myelin sheath? - ANSWER: A whitish, fatty segmented sheath around
most LONG (not all) axons. They increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission. It
is formed by cells. The cell has concentric layers of membrane that make up the
myelin sheath.
What are neuroglia? - ANSWER: glia cells that protect neurons by binging them
together to provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue. Prevent neurons
from contacting each other.
What are the four neuroglia in the central nervous system ? - ANSWER: Astrocytes,
Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, and Microglia
Astrocytes - ANSWER: - support and brace neurons
- control the chemical environment
- cover the brain and nonsynaptic regions of neurons
- supportive framework of CNS
- induce BBB
- influence synaptic signaling
- secrete growth factors
- removes K+ and some NTs from ECF of brain and spinal cord
- form scar tissue
