KIN 375 Exam 2 LATEST 2024 FALL-SPRING GRADED A+
Q&A UNCG (GURANTEED PASS)
Mean skin temperature (during exercise) - ANSWER: T.skin = (T.forehead + T.chest +
T.forearm + T.thigh + T.calf + T.abdomen + T.back) / 7
How is radiation transferred during heat loss? - ANSWER: infrared rays
How does evaporation work during heat loss? - ANSWER: Heat on skin converts
water (sweat) to water vapor. Most important means of heat loss during exercise
Body heat gain during exercise - ANSWER: heat produced - heat loss
As ambient temperature (surrounding environment) _____ , ______ evaporative
heat loss - ANSWER: increase, higher
Heat production is ______, _______ workload - ANSWER: constant, constant
Mechanisms of heat loss during exercise - ANSWER: evaporation, convection,
radiation, and conduction minimal in most cases.
How convection works? (secondary to evaportation) - ANSWER: the transfer of heat
by the movement of air or liquid moving past the body. cools down the body
compared to air being trapped in clothing
Heat index
(means for relative humidity) - ANSWER: Measure of body's perception of how hot it
feels. Relative humidity added to air temperature.
Relative humidity - ANSWER: atmospheric moisture
High relative humidity _____ evaporative heat loss - ANSWER: decrease; lowers heat
loss by inhibiting evaportation (still sweating). Increase body temperature
High relative humidity decreasing evaporative heat loss can result in: - ANSWER:
Hyperthermia risk increases
Heat related injuries prevention: Guidelines - ANSWER: Exercise on the coolest part
of the day
Reduce exercise intensity and duration on humid/hot day
Expose maximal surface area of skin for evaporation
Frequent rest/cool-down breaks
Frequent water breaks prevent dehydration**
Rest/cool-down in the shade, cool air
Measure body weight at beginning and end to determine fluid replacement required
REHYDRATE after exercise **
, Prevent Dehydration during exercise: Guidelines - ANSWER: Hydrate prior to
performance** 400-800 ml within 3 hours
Consume 150-300 ml every 15-20 mins depending on environment conditions
Ensure adequate re-hydration
Drinking to thirst is NOT SUFFICIENT and often too late ***
Dehydration of 1-2% body weight can impair performance by _____ - ANSWER: 3-4%
Acclimation vs Acclimatization** - ANSWER: rapid adaptation to environmental
change (day to weeks vs. weeks to months)
Cold Acclimation benefits - ANSWER: Increased non-shivering thermogenesis earlier
Maintain higher hand and foot temp, improved intermittent peripheral blood flow**
improved ability to sleep in the cold
Adaptations begin in one week
Able to maintain core temp better **
Sites of Fatigue - ANSWER: Central and peripheral. central nervous system and
neural factors
Fatigue definition - ANSWER: Inability to maintain power output or force during
repeated muscle contractions without damage***
Central fatigue - ANSWER: Reduction in motor units activated focus
Reduction in motor unit firing frequency (coordinate the neural processes)
CNS can alter the state of fatigue; by facilitating motor unit recruitment - increasing
motivation
Peripheral fatigue: neural factors - ANSWER: Neuromuscular junction - not site of
fatigue
Sarcolemma and tranverse tubules (transmission) -
Ability of muscle membran to conduct an action potential - inability of Na+/K+ pump
to maintain action potential amplitude and frequency ionic imbalance
An action potential block in the T-tubules - ROS inhibit this aspect
Peripheral fatigue: mechanical factors - ANSWER: cross-bridge cycling & tension
depends on: Ca++ binding to troponin ** -change in sensitivity
High H+ concentration may contribute to fatigue (decrease pH) - Reduces the force
per cross-bridge, reduces the force generated at a given Ca++ concentration, Inhibits
Ca++ release from SR*** - less available
Longer relaxation time is a sign of fatigue- due to slower cross-bridges
Q&A UNCG (GURANTEED PASS)
Mean skin temperature (during exercise) - ANSWER: T.skin = (T.forehead + T.chest +
T.forearm + T.thigh + T.calf + T.abdomen + T.back) / 7
How is radiation transferred during heat loss? - ANSWER: infrared rays
How does evaporation work during heat loss? - ANSWER: Heat on skin converts
water (sweat) to water vapor. Most important means of heat loss during exercise
Body heat gain during exercise - ANSWER: heat produced - heat loss
As ambient temperature (surrounding environment) _____ , ______ evaporative
heat loss - ANSWER: increase, higher
Heat production is ______, _______ workload - ANSWER: constant, constant
Mechanisms of heat loss during exercise - ANSWER: evaporation, convection,
radiation, and conduction minimal in most cases.
How convection works? (secondary to evaportation) - ANSWER: the transfer of heat
by the movement of air or liquid moving past the body. cools down the body
compared to air being trapped in clothing
Heat index
(means for relative humidity) - ANSWER: Measure of body's perception of how hot it
feels. Relative humidity added to air temperature.
Relative humidity - ANSWER: atmospheric moisture
High relative humidity _____ evaporative heat loss - ANSWER: decrease; lowers heat
loss by inhibiting evaportation (still sweating). Increase body temperature
High relative humidity decreasing evaporative heat loss can result in: - ANSWER:
Hyperthermia risk increases
Heat related injuries prevention: Guidelines - ANSWER: Exercise on the coolest part
of the day
Reduce exercise intensity and duration on humid/hot day
Expose maximal surface area of skin for evaporation
Frequent rest/cool-down breaks
Frequent water breaks prevent dehydration**
Rest/cool-down in the shade, cool air
Measure body weight at beginning and end to determine fluid replacement required
REHYDRATE after exercise **
, Prevent Dehydration during exercise: Guidelines - ANSWER: Hydrate prior to
performance** 400-800 ml within 3 hours
Consume 150-300 ml every 15-20 mins depending on environment conditions
Ensure adequate re-hydration
Drinking to thirst is NOT SUFFICIENT and often too late ***
Dehydration of 1-2% body weight can impair performance by _____ - ANSWER: 3-4%
Acclimation vs Acclimatization** - ANSWER: rapid adaptation to environmental
change (day to weeks vs. weeks to months)
Cold Acclimation benefits - ANSWER: Increased non-shivering thermogenesis earlier
Maintain higher hand and foot temp, improved intermittent peripheral blood flow**
improved ability to sleep in the cold
Adaptations begin in one week
Able to maintain core temp better **
Sites of Fatigue - ANSWER: Central and peripheral. central nervous system and
neural factors
Fatigue definition - ANSWER: Inability to maintain power output or force during
repeated muscle contractions without damage***
Central fatigue - ANSWER: Reduction in motor units activated focus
Reduction in motor unit firing frequency (coordinate the neural processes)
CNS can alter the state of fatigue; by facilitating motor unit recruitment - increasing
motivation
Peripheral fatigue: neural factors - ANSWER: Neuromuscular junction - not site of
fatigue
Sarcolemma and tranverse tubules (transmission) -
Ability of muscle membran to conduct an action potential - inability of Na+/K+ pump
to maintain action potential amplitude and frequency ionic imbalance
An action potential block in the T-tubules - ROS inhibit this aspect
Peripheral fatigue: mechanical factors - ANSWER: cross-bridge cycling & tension
depends on: Ca++ binding to troponin ** -change in sensitivity
High H+ concentration may contribute to fatigue (decrease pH) - Reduces the force
per cross-bridge, reduces the force generated at a given Ca++ concentration, Inhibits
Ca++ release from SR*** - less available
Longer relaxation time is a sign of fatigue- due to slower cross-bridges
