MedSurg 2 Exam 3 CH. 19, 20, 16,
17, 18,
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
GRADE A+
Cancer;
abnormal cellular growth
-New tissues with no useful purpose grow and become harmful to the functions of normal cells
and organs
-Cancer risks can be associated with genetic, environmental and immunologic factors
**Benign; abnormal cellular growth causes no harm (NONCANCEROUS)
**Malignant; Abnormal cellular growth that causes harm (CANCEROUS)
-once normal cells underwent genetic mutation that altered their growth and function.
Benign Tumor Cells;
Normal cells that grow in the wrong place or at the wrong time due to a problem with cellular
regulation
Examples;
Moles, skin tags, endometriosis, uterine and fibroids
Charectoristics;
-Look like they came from (parent cells)
-DONT METASTASIZE
-Rate of growth is normal
-NORMAL AMOUNT OF CHROMOSOMES PRESENT (23 pairs) and 46 total
Cancer cells
Abnormal cells that serve no funtion and are HARMFUL TO THE BODY TISSUES
,Charectoristics;
DO NOT look like tissues they come from
Have potential to metastasize
Rapid or continuous cellular division
-Do not respond to body signs of apoptosis (regulated cellular death, of cells that are no longer
needed)
Abnormal amount of chromosomes
(Aneuploidy)
-May have 23 pairs or less than 23 pairs
CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Initiation;
-A change in DNA expression due to damaged CELLULAR DNA
-Doesn't respond to sponsor gene signal.
-Irreversible event that can LEAD to cancer.
-Carcinogens are substances that can change the activity of a cells genes.
Promotion;
-Enhance the growth of an initiated cell by substances called promotors
-Cause cells to DIVIDE MORE FREQUENTLY
-Example is ESTROGEN
CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Progression;
-Continued change of a cancer making it MORE MALIGNANT OVER TIME
-1cm is a detectable mass
-Mass developes it's own blood supply, making it vascular endothelial growth factor that triggers
nearby capillaries. This is how tumor creates nourishment and growth.
Metastasis;
Cancer cells migrate from current location to other tissues and organs
Cancer Development;
Primary tumor;
ORIGINAL TUMOR Identified by the tissue it arose from. Ex. Colon, colon cancer
Secondary tumor;
Metastasis, cells move from primary location and establish colonies
Ex. Originate from colon travel to liver
Blood borne metastasis;
Tumor cells being released into the blood.
, Lymphatic Spread;
-Cancer being spread related to the number, structure, and location of lymph nodes and vessels.
-Primary sites that are rich in lymphatics have early meta stud spread
Cancer is classified based on the type of tissue they arose from ex. Colon cancer, breast cancer
Solid tumors develops from specific tissue, ex. Breast, lung, liver
Hematologic cancer arise from blood tissues
Ex. Leukemias and lymphomas
Cancer grading, ploidy and staging
Grading
-Classifies aggressiveness and sensitivity to treatment
-Poorly differentiated (more aggressive)
-Well differentiated (less aggressive)
Ploidy;
-The description of cancer cells by chromosome number and appearance
-Degree of aneuploidy (abnormal chromosomes) increases with the degree of malignancy
-Help to determine if "target therapy" is appropriate
Staging;
-Determines exact location of the cancer and whether metastasis has occurred
-Staging influences treatment
Clinical; assesses patient symptoms and evaluates tumor size and possible spread
Surgical; assess tumor size, number, sites and spread through surgery
Pathological; most definitive, observe tissues under microscope
Tumor, node, metastasis (TNM);
-Describes anatomic extent of cancers
-Not useful for hematologic cancers
External factors causing cancer
Chemical
-alcohol, tobacco, workplace exposure
Physical;
Scars or burns, skin injury, radiation (X ray), ultraviolet radiation (tanning beds, sun exposure)
Viral;
Occurs when viruses infect body cells and break DNA strands, and insert their own genetic
material and the human DNA
Dietary;
Low fiber intake
High intake of red meat or animal fat, risk for colon cancer
Dietary habits to reduce cancer risk;
17, 18,
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
GRADE A+
Cancer;
abnormal cellular growth
-New tissues with no useful purpose grow and become harmful to the functions of normal cells
and organs
-Cancer risks can be associated with genetic, environmental and immunologic factors
**Benign; abnormal cellular growth causes no harm (NONCANCEROUS)
**Malignant; Abnormal cellular growth that causes harm (CANCEROUS)
-once normal cells underwent genetic mutation that altered their growth and function.
Benign Tumor Cells;
Normal cells that grow in the wrong place or at the wrong time due to a problem with cellular
regulation
Examples;
Moles, skin tags, endometriosis, uterine and fibroids
Charectoristics;
-Look like they came from (parent cells)
-DONT METASTASIZE
-Rate of growth is normal
-NORMAL AMOUNT OF CHROMOSOMES PRESENT (23 pairs) and 46 total
Cancer cells
Abnormal cells that serve no funtion and are HARMFUL TO THE BODY TISSUES
,Charectoristics;
DO NOT look like tissues they come from
Have potential to metastasize
Rapid or continuous cellular division
-Do not respond to body signs of apoptosis (regulated cellular death, of cells that are no longer
needed)
Abnormal amount of chromosomes
(Aneuploidy)
-May have 23 pairs or less than 23 pairs
CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Initiation;
-A change in DNA expression due to damaged CELLULAR DNA
-Doesn't respond to sponsor gene signal.
-Irreversible event that can LEAD to cancer.
-Carcinogens are substances that can change the activity of a cells genes.
Promotion;
-Enhance the growth of an initiated cell by substances called promotors
-Cause cells to DIVIDE MORE FREQUENTLY
-Example is ESTROGEN
CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Progression;
-Continued change of a cancer making it MORE MALIGNANT OVER TIME
-1cm is a detectable mass
-Mass developes it's own blood supply, making it vascular endothelial growth factor that triggers
nearby capillaries. This is how tumor creates nourishment and growth.
Metastasis;
Cancer cells migrate from current location to other tissues and organs
Cancer Development;
Primary tumor;
ORIGINAL TUMOR Identified by the tissue it arose from. Ex. Colon, colon cancer
Secondary tumor;
Metastasis, cells move from primary location and establish colonies
Ex. Originate from colon travel to liver
Blood borne metastasis;
Tumor cells being released into the blood.
, Lymphatic Spread;
-Cancer being spread related to the number, structure, and location of lymph nodes and vessels.
-Primary sites that are rich in lymphatics have early meta stud spread
Cancer is classified based on the type of tissue they arose from ex. Colon cancer, breast cancer
Solid tumors develops from specific tissue, ex. Breast, lung, liver
Hematologic cancer arise from blood tissues
Ex. Leukemias and lymphomas
Cancer grading, ploidy and staging
Grading
-Classifies aggressiveness and sensitivity to treatment
-Poorly differentiated (more aggressive)
-Well differentiated (less aggressive)
Ploidy;
-The description of cancer cells by chromosome number and appearance
-Degree of aneuploidy (abnormal chromosomes) increases with the degree of malignancy
-Help to determine if "target therapy" is appropriate
Staging;
-Determines exact location of the cancer and whether metastasis has occurred
-Staging influences treatment
Clinical; assesses patient symptoms and evaluates tumor size and possible spread
Surgical; assess tumor size, number, sites and spread through surgery
Pathological; most definitive, observe tissues under microscope
Tumor, node, metastasis (TNM);
-Describes anatomic extent of cancers
-Not useful for hematologic cancers
External factors causing cancer
Chemical
-alcohol, tobacco, workplace exposure
Physical;
Scars or burns, skin injury, radiation (X ray), ultraviolet radiation (tanning beds, sun exposure)
Viral;
Occurs when viruses infect body cells and break DNA strands, and insert their own genetic
material and the human DNA
Dietary;
Low fiber intake
High intake of red meat or animal fat, risk for colon cancer
Dietary habits to reduce cancer risk;
