Medsurg 2 Exam 6 CH. 56,57,58,59

Medsurg 2 Exam 6 CH. 56,57,58,59

QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
GRADE A+

Endocrine system;

***Works with the CENTRAL and PERIPHERAL nervous systems to provide control of body
systems to maintain homeostasis

**Organs and tissues of the endocrine system contain GLANDULAR CELLS that secrete
hormones
-These hormones exert their effects on specific target tissues

Work as "lock and key"

***Hormones (key) bind to receptors(lock) on or within the target tissue cells
Endocrine System;

Functions of endocrine system;
-Metabolism
-Nutrition
-Elimination
-Temperature
***Fluid and electrolyte balance
-Growth
-Reproduction

• Endocrine problems and disorders usually are related to:

**An excess of a specific hormone

**A deficiency of a specific hormone

• Poor hormone-receptor interactions resulting in decreased responsiveness of the target tissue
Endocrine Glands;

,-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland
-Adrenal glands
-Thyroid glands

- Islets cells of the pancreas
- Parathyroid glands

• Gonads
-Ovaries & testes
Hormones of the Endocrine Glands;

1. Hypothalamus (regulating hormones);
-Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
-Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
-Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
-Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
-Melanocyte-inhibiting hormone (MIH)

Testes;
-Testosterone

Ovary;
-Estrogen
-Progesterone

Anterior pituitary;
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH)
***Prolactin hormone (PRL)
-Growth hormone (GH)
-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Pancreas;
***Insulin
**Glucagon
-Somatostatin
Hormones of the Endocrine Glands;

Posterior Pituitary;
***Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone ADH) **VASOCONSTRICTOR

,-Oxytocin. **Stimulate uterus in labor


Thyroid;
**Triiodothyronine (T3)
**Thyroxine (T4)
-Calcitonin

Parathyroid;
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Adrenal Cortex;
-Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
-Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Hormones maintain homeostasis through one or more feedback systems

Positive Feedback System;
-Rising levels of hormones feedback to appropriate gland(s) to INCREASE hormone production

Negative feedback system;
-Rising levels of hormones feedback to appropriate gland(s) DECREASE the production of the
hormones
Positive Negative Feedback System;

During most of the menstrual cycle, estrogen and progesterone provide negative feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland; keeping levels more or less constant

***During days 12-14, estrogen provides positive feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary
gland; causing a rapid rise in the production of estrogen by the ovaries and leads to ovulation
Hypothalamus;

***Produces regulatory hormones

**Located beneath the thalamus in the brain

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system allows hormones produced in the hypothalamus to
travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland

Nerve fibers in the hypophysial stalk directly connect the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

Po
Gonads;

Male and female reproductive endocrine glands

Male gonads = testes (produce testosterone)

, Female gonads = ovaries (produce estrogen)

• Function of the gonads is dormant until puberty

FSH; stimulates the ovulation of eggs

Lutinizing hormone; used for ovulation, men SOMETIMES use for testosterone production
Adrenal Glands;

Adrenal cortex

• Mineralocorticoids;
-Produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex
-Help control fluid and electrolytes
***ALDOSTERONE maintains extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte composition
-Promotes Na and H₂0 reabsorption and K+ excretion

Glucocorticoids;
***Produced by the adrenal cortex and are ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

Cortisol;
-The body's response to stress
-Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
-Emotional stability
-Immune function
-Na & H20 balance
-Also responsible for maintaining the normal excitability of heart muscle cells
-Must be present for catecholamine action (epi/norepinephrine
Adrenal Medulla;

-Sympathetic nerve ganglion that has secretory cells

• Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes the release of norepinephrine and
epinephrine Receptors are of 2 types:

• Alpha adrenergic;
-Alpha, and Alpha2
***Norepinephrine works mainly on these receptors

Beta adrenergic;
-Beta, and Beta2
***Epinephrine works mainly on these receptors
Thyroid Gland;

***Located in the anterior neck, directly below the cricoid cartilage