BIO 220 Quiz 2 Topic 2 LATEST FALL-SPRING SEMESTER
GCU
What organisms are considered microorganisms and are the subjects of study in
microbiology? - ANSWER: All prokaryotes (= prenucleus)
Bacteria, Archaea
Some eukaryotes (= true nucleus)
Protozoa, Most Algae, Some Fungi, Helminths (parasitic worms) Adult forms are
macroscopic, but infective forms are microscopic
Viruses
Which two are encompassed by the term prokaryotes? - ANSWER: Bacteria, Archaea
What are some examples of "small" things that are not covered by microbiology? -
ANSWER: Insects, Macroscopic fungi (Mushrooms and Algae, and Individual cells of
macroscopic organisms.
Are all prokaryotes microbes? - ANSWER: yes
Why are helminths (complex, multicellular animals) covered under microbiology? -
ANSWER: Adult forms are macroscopic, but infective forms are microscopic
• What are general size ranges of eukaryotic microbes, Bacteria and Archaea, and
viruses? - ANSWER: Eukaryotic Microbes 10-100um
Bacteria and Archaea 1-10um
Viruses 0.02-0.2um
• Approximately how long have microbes been present on Earth? - ANSWER: 3.5
Billion years
• Which types of microbes were first to appear? - ANSWER: Cyanobacteria
Approximately when did Cyanobacteria first appear, and what impact did their
evolution have on Earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER: 2.5 Billions years ago
Photosynthesis
• What are some examples of ways in which humans make use of microbes and their
products or activities? - ANSWER: Production and Preservation of Various foods.
Production of chemical and antibiotics
• What is the human microbiome? How does the number of total microbial cells
present in the human microbiome compare to the total number of human cells in
the body? - ANSWER: Human Microbiome set of microbes that are present on a
typical human. Microbes outnumber our own cells by >10-fold!
, • Do most microbes associated with humans (or plants) cause disease? - ANSWER:
Most microorganisms that associate with humans cause no harm. Pathogens:
microbes that cause disease.
• What were the contributions of the following prominent microbiologists? -
ANSWER: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: manufactured simple microscopes to see
threads in fabric. First person to observe bacteria by looking at standing rainwater
samples. Constructed over 250 small microscopes that could magnify up to 300x
Louis Pasteur: Studied the roles of microbes in fermentation of alcoholic beverages.
Used a series of experimemts with swan-necked flasks to disprove
abiogenesis(Spontaneous generation)
Ferdinand Cohn: Discovery of endospores and sterilization
Joseph Lister: Used Aseptic techniques in surgery
Robert Koch: developed a series of postulates that verified Pasteur's germ theory of
disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it cause. Overall:
the recognition that microorganisms exist and the ability to grow them in pure
culture laid the foundation for the field of microbiology
Alexander Flemming: Discovery of antibiotics. Allowed for better control of microbial
infections.
• What are some important differences between Whittaker's 5 Kingdom tree of life
and the Woese-Fox 3 Domain tree of life? Which of these incorporates the
comparison of molecular characteristics such as DNA and protein sequences? What
are the three Domains of life? - ANSWER: Whittaker's 5 Kingdom tree of life:
Animals, plants fungi, protists, monera
Woese-Fox 3 Domain tree of life: Bacteia, Archaea, Eukarya
• What are four structures that all Bacteria possess? What are three structures that
most Bacteria possess? Which are present in only some Bacteria? - ANSWER: ALL:
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, one or few chromosomes
MOST: cell wall, surface coating called a glycocalyx, cytoskeleton
SOME: flagella, pili, fimriae, outer memnrane, plasmids, inclusions,
microcompartments, endospores, intracellular membranes
• What two structures generally control the morphology of a bacterial cell? What are
some common morphologies of bacterial cells? What does pleomorphic mean? -
ANSWER: Shape and Arrangement. Pleomorphic is cells of one species may vary in
shape and size this can be caused by variations in cell wall structure. Coccus, Rod or
bacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete, Filaments.
• How does the general conservation of cell morphology and arrangement within a
given species or group of microbes aid microbiologists in the study of microbes? -
ANSWER: The morphology and arrangement of cells by microscopic observation is
often a useful characteristic to help identify different types of bacteria.
What are four different types of flagellar arrangement on the cell? - ANSWER:
Monotrichous: single flagellum
GCU
What organisms are considered microorganisms and are the subjects of study in
microbiology? - ANSWER: All prokaryotes (= prenucleus)
Bacteria, Archaea
Some eukaryotes (= true nucleus)
Protozoa, Most Algae, Some Fungi, Helminths (parasitic worms) Adult forms are
macroscopic, but infective forms are microscopic
Viruses
Which two are encompassed by the term prokaryotes? - ANSWER: Bacteria, Archaea
What are some examples of "small" things that are not covered by microbiology? -
ANSWER: Insects, Macroscopic fungi (Mushrooms and Algae, and Individual cells of
macroscopic organisms.
Are all prokaryotes microbes? - ANSWER: yes
Why are helminths (complex, multicellular animals) covered under microbiology? -
ANSWER: Adult forms are macroscopic, but infective forms are microscopic
• What are general size ranges of eukaryotic microbes, Bacteria and Archaea, and
viruses? - ANSWER: Eukaryotic Microbes 10-100um
Bacteria and Archaea 1-10um
Viruses 0.02-0.2um
• Approximately how long have microbes been present on Earth? - ANSWER: 3.5
Billion years
• Which types of microbes were first to appear? - ANSWER: Cyanobacteria
Approximately when did Cyanobacteria first appear, and what impact did their
evolution have on Earth's atmosphere? - ANSWER: 2.5 Billions years ago
Photosynthesis
• What are some examples of ways in which humans make use of microbes and their
products or activities? - ANSWER: Production and Preservation of Various foods.
Production of chemical and antibiotics
• What is the human microbiome? How does the number of total microbial cells
present in the human microbiome compare to the total number of human cells in
the body? - ANSWER: Human Microbiome set of microbes that are present on a
typical human. Microbes outnumber our own cells by >10-fold!
, • Do most microbes associated with humans (or plants) cause disease? - ANSWER:
Most microorganisms that associate with humans cause no harm. Pathogens:
microbes that cause disease.
• What were the contributions of the following prominent microbiologists? -
ANSWER: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: manufactured simple microscopes to see
threads in fabric. First person to observe bacteria by looking at standing rainwater
samples. Constructed over 250 small microscopes that could magnify up to 300x
Louis Pasteur: Studied the roles of microbes in fermentation of alcoholic beverages.
Used a series of experimemts with swan-necked flasks to disprove
abiogenesis(Spontaneous generation)
Ferdinand Cohn: Discovery of endospores and sterilization
Joseph Lister: Used Aseptic techniques in surgery
Robert Koch: developed a series of postulates that verified Pasteur's germ theory of
disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it cause. Overall:
the recognition that microorganisms exist and the ability to grow them in pure
culture laid the foundation for the field of microbiology
Alexander Flemming: Discovery of antibiotics. Allowed for better control of microbial
infections.
• What are some important differences between Whittaker's 5 Kingdom tree of life
and the Woese-Fox 3 Domain tree of life? Which of these incorporates the
comparison of molecular characteristics such as DNA and protein sequences? What
are the three Domains of life? - ANSWER: Whittaker's 5 Kingdom tree of life:
Animals, plants fungi, protists, monera
Woese-Fox 3 Domain tree of life: Bacteia, Archaea, Eukarya
• What are four structures that all Bacteria possess? What are three structures that
most Bacteria possess? Which are present in only some Bacteria? - ANSWER: ALL:
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, one or few chromosomes
MOST: cell wall, surface coating called a glycocalyx, cytoskeleton
SOME: flagella, pili, fimriae, outer memnrane, plasmids, inclusions,
microcompartments, endospores, intracellular membranes
• What two structures generally control the morphology of a bacterial cell? What are
some common morphologies of bacterial cells? What does pleomorphic mean? -
ANSWER: Shape and Arrangement. Pleomorphic is cells of one species may vary in
shape and size this can be caused by variations in cell wall structure. Coccus, Rod or
bacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete, Filaments.
• How does the general conservation of cell morphology and arrangement within a
given species or group of microbes aid microbiologists in the study of microbes? -
ANSWER: The morphology and arrangement of cells by microscopic observation is
often a useful characteristic to help identify different types of bacteria.
What are four different types of flagellar arrangement on the cell? - ANSWER:
Monotrichous: single flagellum
