NSG 533 - Advanced Pharmacology WILKES UNIVERSITY
LATEST EXAM 1.2,3 ACCURATE FALL-SPRING 2024/2025
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - ANSWER: - At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - ANSWER: - do not
have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - ANSWER: - clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - ANSWER: black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF - ANSWER: 1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - ANSWER: SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - ANSWER: contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - ANSWER: relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - ANSWER: 1. American Heart Assocation
(A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity
limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - ANSWER: cardiac
dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - ANSWER: 1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law)
- can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause
mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
, 3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - ANSWER: 1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - ANSWER: - causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - ANSWER: 20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - ANSWER: - increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - ANSWER: -
dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? -
ANSWER: 1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
what hormones worsen HF - ANSWER: - Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
hormones that are good for HF - ANSWER: - natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
types of ventricular remodeling - ANSWER: - concentric (thickened heart wall,
diastolic HF, too stiff, HFpEF)
- eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
blood flow of the heart from right side to left side - ANSWER: 1. deoxygenated blood
from the systemic system enters the superior/inferior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
LATEST EXAM 1.2,3 ACCURATE FALL-SPRING 2024/2025
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - ANSWER: - At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - ANSWER: - do not
have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - ANSWER: - clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - ANSWER: black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF - ANSWER: 1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - ANSWER: SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - ANSWER: contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - ANSWER: relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - ANSWER: 1. American Heart Assocation
(A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity
limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - ANSWER: cardiac
dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - ANSWER: 1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law)
- can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause
mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
, 3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - ANSWER: 1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - ANSWER: - causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - ANSWER: 20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - ANSWER: - increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - ANSWER: -
dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? -
ANSWER: 1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
what hormones worsen HF - ANSWER: - Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
hormones that are good for HF - ANSWER: - natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
types of ventricular remodeling - ANSWER: - concentric (thickened heart wall,
diastolic HF, too stiff, HFpEF)
- eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
blood flow of the heart from right side to left side - ANSWER: 1. deoxygenated blood
from the systemic system enters the superior/inferior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
