BIOL 4260 Virology Midterm Exam Latest 2024/2025
100% Accurate Fall-Spring Term Graded A+
Special Creation - ANSWER: Species do not change
Each species separately created
Earth and life are young
Descent with Modification - ANSWER: Species change over time
Species derive from common ancestors
Earth and life are old
Direct observation - ANSWER: Observing behavior as it occurs
Why is it so hard to develop drugs to combat influenza and
HIV (or viruses in general)? - ANSWER: Populations of HIV evolve AZT resistance
(through natural selection within patients)
The peppered moth - ANSWER: During the Industrial Revolution, of the common pale
typica form by a previously unknown black (carbonaria) form, driven by the
interaction between bird predation and coal pollution
Vestigial characters - ANSWER: Characters that are no longer useful, although they
once were.
Dandelions Taraxacum officinale - ANSWER: Reproduce by apomixis (asexual seeds),
but produce showy flowers,pollen and nectar
Apterocyclus honolulensis - ANSWER: The fused black wing covers cannot open but
underneath are well formed wings
Astyanax mexicanum - ANSWER: Eyeless, but have eye sockets and (functional) visual
pigment proteins
The resemblance between living and fossil forms in the same region suggests that -
ANSWER: Living organisms are descended with modification from earlier species
Tiktaalik and other fossils show that the evolution of animals from living in water to
living on land happened - ANSWER: Gradually, with fish first living in shallow water
Transitional forms -- Archeopteryx - ANSWER: Most famous "missing link"
Jurassic fossils 150
million years old from
Germany
Excellent evidence for
, shared ancestry of
dinosaurs and birds
Archeopteryx reptilian characteristics - ANSWER: Claws on forelimbs
Teeth on beak
Long tail with many vertebrae (in birds, most are fused to form pygostyle)
Archeopteryx bird characteristics - ANSWER: Bird-like skull (except teeth)
Large fused clavicles (furcula)
Lunate wrist bones (important for swiveling during flight)
Wings with advanced flight feathers
Synapomorphy - ANSWER: Trait that is shared by two or more taxa and inferred to
have been present in their most recent common ancestor, whose own ancestor in
turn is inferred to not possess the trait.
How do we know whales are mammals? - ANSWER: Whales share synapomorphies
with
mammals
- Mammary glands
- Three middle ear bones
- Hair (in developing embryos)
Similarities with fish arose through
convergent evolution
Convergent evolution - ANSWER: Evolution toward similar characteristics in
unrelated species
Homologous trait - ANSWER: Any characteristic of organisms that is derived from a
common ancestor
Analogous traits - ANSWER: Similarities between organisms that were not in the last
common ancestor of the taxa being considered but rather evolved separately
Structural homology of the vertebrate forelimb - ANSWER: Appendages used for very
different functions contain the same skeletal elements, arranged in the same relative
positions
Developmental homologies - ANSWER: Similarities in developmental processes from
fertilized egg to adulthood
Adult giant anteaters have no teeth, but as a fetus form tooth primordia
Direct developing frogs and salamanders lack
aquatic larvae, but show larval traits before hatching
Human embryos form pharyngeal
100% Accurate Fall-Spring Term Graded A+
Special Creation - ANSWER: Species do not change
Each species separately created
Earth and life are young
Descent with Modification - ANSWER: Species change over time
Species derive from common ancestors
Earth and life are old
Direct observation - ANSWER: Observing behavior as it occurs
Why is it so hard to develop drugs to combat influenza and
HIV (or viruses in general)? - ANSWER: Populations of HIV evolve AZT resistance
(through natural selection within patients)
The peppered moth - ANSWER: During the Industrial Revolution, of the common pale
typica form by a previously unknown black (carbonaria) form, driven by the
interaction between bird predation and coal pollution
Vestigial characters - ANSWER: Characters that are no longer useful, although they
once were.
Dandelions Taraxacum officinale - ANSWER: Reproduce by apomixis (asexual seeds),
but produce showy flowers,pollen and nectar
Apterocyclus honolulensis - ANSWER: The fused black wing covers cannot open but
underneath are well formed wings
Astyanax mexicanum - ANSWER: Eyeless, but have eye sockets and (functional) visual
pigment proteins
The resemblance between living and fossil forms in the same region suggests that -
ANSWER: Living organisms are descended with modification from earlier species
Tiktaalik and other fossils show that the evolution of animals from living in water to
living on land happened - ANSWER: Gradually, with fish first living in shallow water
Transitional forms -- Archeopteryx - ANSWER: Most famous "missing link"
Jurassic fossils 150
million years old from
Germany
Excellent evidence for
, shared ancestry of
dinosaurs and birds
Archeopteryx reptilian characteristics - ANSWER: Claws on forelimbs
Teeth on beak
Long tail with many vertebrae (in birds, most are fused to form pygostyle)
Archeopteryx bird characteristics - ANSWER: Bird-like skull (except teeth)
Large fused clavicles (furcula)
Lunate wrist bones (important for swiveling during flight)
Wings with advanced flight feathers
Synapomorphy - ANSWER: Trait that is shared by two or more taxa and inferred to
have been present in their most recent common ancestor, whose own ancestor in
turn is inferred to not possess the trait.
How do we know whales are mammals? - ANSWER: Whales share synapomorphies
with
mammals
- Mammary glands
- Three middle ear bones
- Hair (in developing embryos)
Similarities with fish arose through
convergent evolution
Convergent evolution - ANSWER: Evolution toward similar characteristics in
unrelated species
Homologous trait - ANSWER: Any characteristic of organisms that is derived from a
common ancestor
Analogous traits - ANSWER: Similarities between organisms that were not in the last
common ancestor of the taxa being considered but rather evolved separately
Structural homology of the vertebrate forelimb - ANSWER: Appendages used for very
different functions contain the same skeletal elements, arranged in the same relative
positions
Developmental homologies - ANSWER: Similarities in developmental processes from
fertilized egg to adulthood
Adult giant anteaters have no teeth, but as a fetus form tooth primordia
Direct developing frogs and salamanders lack
aquatic larvae, but show larval traits before hatching
Human embryos form pharyngeal
