BIOL 4260 Virology Midterm Exam Latest 2024/2025
100% Accurate Fall-Spring Term Graded A+
Theodosius Dobzhansky - ANSWER: Nothing makes sense except in light of evolution.
Examples of observable evolution - ANSWER: HIV resistance to AZT, peppered moth,
North American Red Crossbills
Evidence for change over time - ANSWER: Vestigial characters.. incl. asexual
dandelions, flightless weavles, eyeless cave fish with eye sockets
Archeopteryx - ANSWER: Most famous missing link, Jurassic fossil 150 million yrs old
from Germany. Dinos and birds. Had claws on forelimbs, teeth on beak, long tail with
many vertebrae
Bird characters of Archeopteryx - ANSWER: Bird like skull, large fused clavicles,
lunate wrist bones, feathered wings, NOT ANCESTOR OF BIRDS side branch earlier
than bird ancestor
Synapomorphy - ANSWER: Shared trait between taxa, iinferred to have been present
in most recent common ancestor, not in prev. one before that
Homology - ANSWER: Structural correspondance (arm structures)
Where processed pseudogenes come from - ANSWER: Reverse transcriptase of retro
transposon. Processed pseudogene has no promoter and no introns. Are dead on
arrival.
Age of planet - ANSWER: 4.5 billion yrs
First prok life - ANSWER: 3.6 billion yrs
First euk life - ANSWER: 2.0 Billion yrs
Carl Linnaeus - ANSWER: Father of modern taxonomy
Nicholas Steno - ANSWER: Father of geology and stratigraphy
Age of Enlightenment - ANSWER: 18th century, uniformitarianism, assumption same
natural laws and processes from past continuing in present. New theories on origin
of stars and planet, evidence of extinct species, evidence of Earth changes
Georges Louis LeClerc, - ANSWER: Historie Naturelle, Earth formed according to laws
of physics and chemistry
, Compte de Buffon - ANSWER: Buffon's law, 1st principle of biogeorgraphy: Life
emerged as distinct entities via spontaneous creation, specifes fixed on divine scale,
man at top. Living things made of same particles found in rocks and water but can
transform when env. changes
James Hutton - ANSWER: Our planet must be old and transformed gradually over
time. Gradualism
William Smith - ANSWER: Stratification, dif rock layers= dif fossils. Faunal succession.
Created first geological map.
Cenozoic - ANSWER: New life, dominated by modern mammals
Mesozoic - ANSWER: Middle life, dominated by dinosaurs
Paleozoic - ANSWER: Old life, trilobites, fish, amphibians
Philosophie Zoologique - ANSWER: First coherent evolution theory. Life driven from
simple to complex.
Orthogenesis - ANSWER: Complex species descended from microbes, microbes
generated spontaneously.
Thomas Hunt Morgan - ANSWER: Used flies to link Mendelian inheritance and theory
of natural selection
Population genertics - ANSWER: developed from modeling of evolution of genes in
pop
Quantitative genetics - ANSWER: developed from modeling of inheritance of multi-
factorial phenotypes
Molecular biology incorporated into Darwinian theory - ANSWER: James Crow and
Motoo Kimura, natural theory of evolution. Influence of genetic drift
Precambrian - ANSWER: Prototrophic bacteria 3.5-3 bil years ago. Cyanobacteria 3
billion yrs ago. Macroscopic eukaryotes 2 bil years ago. Algal kingdoms 1 bil yrs ago
Cambrian explosion - ANSWER: euk cells--> sponges/jellyfish/flatworms--->Cambrian
explosion
Geographic sampling bias - ANSWER: Propensity of fossils come from marine and
lowland habitats
Taxonomic sampling bias - ANSWER: Marine organisms dominate fossil record, but
are only 10% of total extinct species. 2/3 of extinct phyla are under represented in
fossil record
100% Accurate Fall-Spring Term Graded A+
Theodosius Dobzhansky - ANSWER: Nothing makes sense except in light of evolution.
Examples of observable evolution - ANSWER: HIV resistance to AZT, peppered moth,
North American Red Crossbills
Evidence for change over time - ANSWER: Vestigial characters.. incl. asexual
dandelions, flightless weavles, eyeless cave fish with eye sockets
Archeopteryx - ANSWER: Most famous missing link, Jurassic fossil 150 million yrs old
from Germany. Dinos and birds. Had claws on forelimbs, teeth on beak, long tail with
many vertebrae
Bird characters of Archeopteryx - ANSWER: Bird like skull, large fused clavicles,
lunate wrist bones, feathered wings, NOT ANCESTOR OF BIRDS side branch earlier
than bird ancestor
Synapomorphy - ANSWER: Shared trait between taxa, iinferred to have been present
in most recent common ancestor, not in prev. one before that
Homology - ANSWER: Structural correspondance (arm structures)
Where processed pseudogenes come from - ANSWER: Reverse transcriptase of retro
transposon. Processed pseudogene has no promoter and no introns. Are dead on
arrival.
Age of planet - ANSWER: 4.5 billion yrs
First prok life - ANSWER: 3.6 billion yrs
First euk life - ANSWER: 2.0 Billion yrs
Carl Linnaeus - ANSWER: Father of modern taxonomy
Nicholas Steno - ANSWER: Father of geology and stratigraphy
Age of Enlightenment - ANSWER: 18th century, uniformitarianism, assumption same
natural laws and processes from past continuing in present. New theories on origin
of stars and planet, evidence of extinct species, evidence of Earth changes
Georges Louis LeClerc, - ANSWER: Historie Naturelle, Earth formed according to laws
of physics and chemistry
, Compte de Buffon - ANSWER: Buffon's law, 1st principle of biogeorgraphy: Life
emerged as distinct entities via spontaneous creation, specifes fixed on divine scale,
man at top. Living things made of same particles found in rocks and water but can
transform when env. changes
James Hutton - ANSWER: Our planet must be old and transformed gradually over
time. Gradualism
William Smith - ANSWER: Stratification, dif rock layers= dif fossils. Faunal succession.
Created first geological map.
Cenozoic - ANSWER: New life, dominated by modern mammals
Mesozoic - ANSWER: Middle life, dominated by dinosaurs
Paleozoic - ANSWER: Old life, trilobites, fish, amphibians
Philosophie Zoologique - ANSWER: First coherent evolution theory. Life driven from
simple to complex.
Orthogenesis - ANSWER: Complex species descended from microbes, microbes
generated spontaneously.
Thomas Hunt Morgan - ANSWER: Used flies to link Mendelian inheritance and theory
of natural selection
Population genertics - ANSWER: developed from modeling of evolution of genes in
pop
Quantitative genetics - ANSWER: developed from modeling of inheritance of multi-
factorial phenotypes
Molecular biology incorporated into Darwinian theory - ANSWER: James Crow and
Motoo Kimura, natural theory of evolution. Influence of genetic drift
Precambrian - ANSWER: Prototrophic bacteria 3.5-3 bil years ago. Cyanobacteria 3
billion yrs ago. Macroscopic eukaryotes 2 bil years ago. Algal kingdoms 1 bil yrs ago
Cambrian explosion - ANSWER: euk cells--> sponges/jellyfish/flatworms--->Cambrian
explosion
Geographic sampling bias - ANSWER: Propensity of fossils come from marine and
lowland habitats
Taxonomic sampling bias - ANSWER: Marine organisms dominate fossil record, but
are only 10% of total extinct species. 2/3 of extinct phyla are under represented in
fossil record
