BIOL 1020 Final Exam Latest 2025 Complete Question
And Answer (Verified Exam) Foundations Of
Biodiversity
How does a protein's tertiary structure depend on its primary structure? - ANSWER:
A protein's tertiary structure is dependant on its primary structure as the position,
order, spatial arrangement and chemical qualities (ei. polar, non-polar,
electromagnetic force, able to hydrogen bond etc) of the polypeptides contained in
the primary structure influence the bonds able to be made at the tertiary level.
Prokaryote - ANSWER: An organism without cells that contain a nucleus. Pro = before
Eukaryote - ANSWER: An organism with cells containing a nucleus.
Where does DNA reside in a prokaryote cell? - ANSWER: In the cytoplasm of the cell.
<- Review, be more specific
Where can DNA reside in a eukaryote cell? - ANSWER: The nucleus, the mitochondria
and chloroplasts (plant and algal cells).
What does an amino acid consist of? - ANSWER: An amino group (-NH3+), a side
chain (or R-Group), an alpha carbon (middle carbon), a hydrogen atom, and a
carboxyl group (-COO+ <- Review).
Alpha Helix - ANSWER: A secondary level of protein structure, formed by the coiling
of a polypeptide held together by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen and
amino hydrogen atoms in the peptide backbone.
Beta Pleated Sheet - ANSWER: A secondary level of protein structure; formed when
one or more strands of a polypeptide align parallel to one another and hydrogen
bonds between carbonyl oxygen and amino hydrogen atoms in the peptide
backbone form between the strands.
Catalyst - ANSWER: A substance that speeds up a reaction (generally by lowering the
activation energy) without being consumed.
Denaturation - ANSWER: Breakdown of the secondary and tertiary structure of a
protein by exposure to environmental stresses, making the protein non-functional.
Di-sulphide Bridge - ANSWER: Covalent bond formed between sulfur atoms of two
cysteines; important in the tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure.
Hydrophobic effect - ANSWER: The clustering and grouping of the nonpolar side
chains of a polypeptide to minimize contact with water molecules; important in the
tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure.
, Peptide Bond - ANSWER: A chemical bond between carbon and nitrogen that forms
when two amino acids combine in a dehydration reaction.
Polypeptide - ANSWER: Chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Quarternary Structure - ANSWER: The fourth level of protein structure; involves two
or more polypeptides (which may or may not be identical) that have folded into their
tertiary structure(s) and interact to form a single functional unit.
Secondary Structure - ANSWER: The second level of protein structure; structure of
coils and folds along the peptide backbone due to hydrogen bonding between atoms
of the peptide backbone; distinct from tertiary structure which involves interactions
of R-groups.
X-Ray Crystallography - ANSWER: Technique that can determine the structure of
molecules, including biological macromolecules, by measuring angle and intensity of
diffraction of X-rays as they pass through a crystalline structure.
Ribozyme - ANSWER: Enzyme composed of RNA
Differentiate between the G0 and G1 phases of the cell cycle - ANSWER: G1 phase is
a growth phase between mitosis and DNA replication that occurs in dividing cells. G0
phase is an alternative, extended gap phase that occurs in cells that are quiescent, or
no longer dividing.
What do you predict would happen in a cell that only underwent the M and S phases
of the cell cycle, without the G1 and G2 phases? - ANSWER: During the S phase, DNA
replication occurs, while mitosis occurs during the M phase. Cells grow and
synthesize proteins during G1 and G2. Therefore, a cell that skips the two G phases is
expected to divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller cells without growing in size.
This is in fact what happens during the process of cleavage, which occurs soon after
fertilization in order to increase the number of cells.
How is metastasis linked to one of the characteristics of normally dividing cells? -
ANSWER: Metastasis is the condition of cancer cells in which they are able to break
free from the primary tumor in the tissue in which they were formed, migrate to
new tissues through the blood, and form new tumors. Normal cells exhibit
anchorage dependence, meaning that they can only initiate cell division if they are
attached to the extracellular matrix or some other surface, such as the bottom of a
tissue culture plate. Metastatic cells no longer require adhesion for survival, which
allows them to detach from the primary tumor, migrate to distant sites in the body,
and multiply into secondary tumors.
Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours - ANSWER: Malignant
tumors metastasize, or spread to other tissues across the body, while benign tumors
stay in the place where they started. This is connected to the gene expression
And Answer (Verified Exam) Foundations Of
Biodiversity
How does a protein's tertiary structure depend on its primary structure? - ANSWER:
A protein's tertiary structure is dependant on its primary structure as the position,
order, spatial arrangement and chemical qualities (ei. polar, non-polar,
electromagnetic force, able to hydrogen bond etc) of the polypeptides contained in
the primary structure influence the bonds able to be made at the tertiary level.
Prokaryote - ANSWER: An organism without cells that contain a nucleus. Pro = before
Eukaryote - ANSWER: An organism with cells containing a nucleus.
Where does DNA reside in a prokaryote cell? - ANSWER: In the cytoplasm of the cell.
<- Review, be more specific
Where can DNA reside in a eukaryote cell? - ANSWER: The nucleus, the mitochondria
and chloroplasts (plant and algal cells).
What does an amino acid consist of? - ANSWER: An amino group (-NH3+), a side
chain (or R-Group), an alpha carbon (middle carbon), a hydrogen atom, and a
carboxyl group (-COO+ <- Review).
Alpha Helix - ANSWER: A secondary level of protein structure, formed by the coiling
of a polypeptide held together by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen and
amino hydrogen atoms in the peptide backbone.
Beta Pleated Sheet - ANSWER: A secondary level of protein structure; formed when
one or more strands of a polypeptide align parallel to one another and hydrogen
bonds between carbonyl oxygen and amino hydrogen atoms in the peptide
backbone form between the strands.
Catalyst - ANSWER: A substance that speeds up a reaction (generally by lowering the
activation energy) without being consumed.
Denaturation - ANSWER: Breakdown of the secondary and tertiary structure of a
protein by exposure to environmental stresses, making the protein non-functional.
Di-sulphide Bridge - ANSWER: Covalent bond formed between sulfur atoms of two
cysteines; important in the tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure.
Hydrophobic effect - ANSWER: The clustering and grouping of the nonpolar side
chains of a polypeptide to minimize contact with water molecules; important in the
tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure.
, Peptide Bond - ANSWER: A chemical bond between carbon and nitrogen that forms
when two amino acids combine in a dehydration reaction.
Polypeptide - ANSWER: Chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Quarternary Structure - ANSWER: The fourth level of protein structure; involves two
or more polypeptides (which may or may not be identical) that have folded into their
tertiary structure(s) and interact to form a single functional unit.
Secondary Structure - ANSWER: The second level of protein structure; structure of
coils and folds along the peptide backbone due to hydrogen bonding between atoms
of the peptide backbone; distinct from tertiary structure which involves interactions
of R-groups.
X-Ray Crystallography - ANSWER: Technique that can determine the structure of
molecules, including biological macromolecules, by measuring angle and intensity of
diffraction of X-rays as they pass through a crystalline structure.
Ribozyme - ANSWER: Enzyme composed of RNA
Differentiate between the G0 and G1 phases of the cell cycle - ANSWER: G1 phase is
a growth phase between mitosis and DNA replication that occurs in dividing cells. G0
phase is an alternative, extended gap phase that occurs in cells that are quiescent, or
no longer dividing.
What do you predict would happen in a cell that only underwent the M and S phases
of the cell cycle, without the G1 and G2 phases? - ANSWER: During the S phase, DNA
replication occurs, while mitosis occurs during the M phase. Cells grow and
synthesize proteins during G1 and G2. Therefore, a cell that skips the two G phases is
expected to divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller cells without growing in size.
This is in fact what happens during the process of cleavage, which occurs soon after
fertilization in order to increase the number of cells.
How is metastasis linked to one of the characteristics of normally dividing cells? -
ANSWER: Metastasis is the condition of cancer cells in which they are able to break
free from the primary tumor in the tissue in which they were formed, migrate to
new tissues through the blood, and form new tumors. Normal cells exhibit
anchorage dependence, meaning that they can only initiate cell division if they are
attached to the extracellular matrix or some other surface, such as the bottom of a
tissue culture plate. Metastatic cells no longer require adhesion for survival, which
allows them to detach from the primary tumor, migrate to distant sites in the body,
and multiply into secondary tumors.
Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours - ANSWER: Malignant
tumors metastasize, or spread to other tissues across the body, while benign tumors
stay in the place where they started. This is connected to the gene expression
