BIOL 1020 Final Exam Latest 2025 Complete Question
And Answer (Verified Exam) Foundations Of
Biodiversity
carbohydrate - ANSWER: macromolecules that provide fuel and structure to cells,
includes both simple sugars and their more complex molecules (polymers)
monomer - ANSWER: a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to
form a polymer
dehydration reaction - ANSWER: the loss of 2 hydrogens and an oxygen when a bond
forms between monomers and polymers
hydrolysis reaction - ANSWER: when a water molecule is added to restore the
hydrogen and the hydroxyl group to their respective positions, when breaking down
a polymer
monosaccharide - ANSWER: simple sugar, quickly broken down for energy
Dissacharide - ANSWER: 2 simple sugars connected together
polysacchararide - ANSWER: multiple sugars linked together
starch - ANSWER: A polymer of glucose monomers which can be digested due to its
alpha configuration
glycogen - ANSWER: an example of a glucose polymer which can be broken down to
release glucose monomers
cellulose - ANSWER: function to enclose plant cells and give them structural integrity
glycemic index - ANSWER: a way of measuring how quickly blood-glucose levels rise
after eating carbohydrate containing foods
glycoproteins - ANSWER: combination of proteins and carbohydrates which are
found on cell surfaces
polypeptide - ANSWER: linked amino acids which form proteins
peptide bond - ANSWER: link between amino acids with a carbon, oxygen and an
amino group (NH); created through the reaction of a carboxyl group and amino
group
amino acid primary structure - ANSWER: amino acid sequence
, amino acid secondary structure - ANSWER: linear folding of polypeptide sequence
into coils and folds due to the charge of properties of the amino acid side chain- held
together by hydrogen bonds
amino acid tertiary structure - ANSWER: more complex structure where the chain is
further folded into a globular configuration
amino acid quaternary structure - ANSWER: subunit associate by interacting with
other surface amino acids to form a protein
energy - ANSWER: the capacity of a system to do work
metabolism - ANSWER: link of energy conversions to chemical reactions which
transforms matter and energy subject to the laws of thermodynamics, includes 2
exergonic reactions and an endergonic reaction
first law of thermodynamics - ANSWER: Energy of the universe is constant, cannot be
created or destroyed
second law of thermodynamics - ANSWER: every energy transformation increases
the entropy (disorder) of the universe
Gibbs free energy (GFE) - ANSWER: amount of energy in a system that can be used to
do work while pressure and temperature are constant
catabolic reactions - ANSWER: breakdown of molecules where the change in GFE is
negative
anabolic reaction - ANSWER: synthesis of molecules where the change in GFE is
positive
exergonic reactions - ANSWER: energy exits (catabolic), change in GFE is negative,
spontaneous, decreases entropy
endergonic reactions - ANSWER: energy enters (anabolic), change in GFE is positive,
non-spontaneous, increases entropy
coupled reactions - ANSWER: use of energy in exergonic reactions with the energy
input from endergonic reactions (incl. metabolism)
cellular respiration - ANSWER: change of glucose and oxygen to water and carbon
dioxide. reaction is highly controlled to manage the amount of energy released and
wasted
glycolysis - ANSWER: the first step in cellular respiration: glucose is broken down into
2 pyruvate with 2 NADH, 2H20 and 2 ATP being produces. Occurs within the
cytoplasm
And Answer (Verified Exam) Foundations Of
Biodiversity
carbohydrate - ANSWER: macromolecules that provide fuel and structure to cells,
includes both simple sugars and their more complex molecules (polymers)
monomer - ANSWER: a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to
form a polymer
dehydration reaction - ANSWER: the loss of 2 hydrogens and an oxygen when a bond
forms between monomers and polymers
hydrolysis reaction - ANSWER: when a water molecule is added to restore the
hydrogen and the hydroxyl group to their respective positions, when breaking down
a polymer
monosaccharide - ANSWER: simple sugar, quickly broken down for energy
Dissacharide - ANSWER: 2 simple sugars connected together
polysacchararide - ANSWER: multiple sugars linked together
starch - ANSWER: A polymer of glucose monomers which can be digested due to its
alpha configuration
glycogen - ANSWER: an example of a glucose polymer which can be broken down to
release glucose monomers
cellulose - ANSWER: function to enclose plant cells and give them structural integrity
glycemic index - ANSWER: a way of measuring how quickly blood-glucose levels rise
after eating carbohydrate containing foods
glycoproteins - ANSWER: combination of proteins and carbohydrates which are
found on cell surfaces
polypeptide - ANSWER: linked amino acids which form proteins
peptide bond - ANSWER: link between amino acids with a carbon, oxygen and an
amino group (NH); created through the reaction of a carboxyl group and amino
group
amino acid primary structure - ANSWER: amino acid sequence
, amino acid secondary structure - ANSWER: linear folding of polypeptide sequence
into coils and folds due to the charge of properties of the amino acid side chain- held
together by hydrogen bonds
amino acid tertiary structure - ANSWER: more complex structure where the chain is
further folded into a globular configuration
amino acid quaternary structure - ANSWER: subunit associate by interacting with
other surface amino acids to form a protein
energy - ANSWER: the capacity of a system to do work
metabolism - ANSWER: link of energy conversions to chemical reactions which
transforms matter and energy subject to the laws of thermodynamics, includes 2
exergonic reactions and an endergonic reaction
first law of thermodynamics - ANSWER: Energy of the universe is constant, cannot be
created or destroyed
second law of thermodynamics - ANSWER: every energy transformation increases
the entropy (disorder) of the universe
Gibbs free energy (GFE) - ANSWER: amount of energy in a system that can be used to
do work while pressure and temperature are constant
catabolic reactions - ANSWER: breakdown of molecules where the change in GFE is
negative
anabolic reaction - ANSWER: synthesis of molecules where the change in GFE is
positive
exergonic reactions - ANSWER: energy exits (catabolic), change in GFE is negative,
spontaneous, decreases entropy
endergonic reactions - ANSWER: energy enters (anabolic), change in GFE is positive,
non-spontaneous, increases entropy
coupled reactions - ANSWER: use of energy in exergonic reactions with the energy
input from endergonic reactions (incl. metabolism)
cellular respiration - ANSWER: change of glucose and oxygen to water and carbon
dioxide. reaction is highly controlled to manage the amount of energy released and
wasted
glycolysis - ANSWER: the first step in cellular respiration: glucose is broken down into
2 pyruvate with 2 NADH, 2H20 and 2 ATP being produces. Occurs within the
cytoplasm
