NURS 271 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ELABORATIONS
BASED ON FINAL EXAM!!
Acid-base balance and Arterial blood gasses
answers: The body always tries to maintain homeostasis: acid and bases
Body produces oxygen and carbon dioxide
Concentration in H ions determines the acidity and basicity
Acid Base balance
answers: Normal - pH is 7.35-7.45
High of acid = Acidosis - pH < 7.35
Low of acid = Alkalosis - pH > 7.45
Clinical setting, clear determination of someone is experiencing either is the ABG
test = pH, pH will determine if the patient is experiencing either one
answers: Balance of H ions and Bicarbonate
Major cellular electrocyte and regulates blood arterial
ABCs of Arterial Blood Gases
answers: pH - 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 - 35-45 mm/Hg
Bicarbonate - 22-26 mEq/ L
PaO2 - 80-100 mm/hg
SaO2 - 95-100%
PaCO2
, answers: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood, tells us how well
the person is breathing, this moves in the opposite of the pH
Respiratory problem (acidosis): pH decreased < 7.35, PaCO2 increased > 45
(retaining CO2, carbonic acid)
answers: Opposite takes place in respiratory alkalosis: pH increased > 7.45,
PaCO2 < 35
PaO2
answers: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
Hypoxemia: decreased levels of oxygen in the arterial blood
answers: → hypoxia: decreased levels of oxygen in the tissue
Signs are they become restless, anxious, tachycardic
Desaturate: O2 sat. is down to 90%... why? We have to see if it is really true
answers: Two beams of light that enter and exit the finger, endirect and use ABG
for a true test
Chemical Buffers
answers: substances that minimize changes in pH
too much acid or base, they come in to neutralize the excess acid or base
have them in our blood, intracellular fluid, and intraretinal fluid
Bicarbonate buffer
, answers: blood and interstitial fluid, decreases the strength of a damaging acid or
base, respiratory and renal systems, kidneys will regulate bicarbonate and lungs
will regulate carbonic acid which results from carbon dioxide and water
Phosphate buffer
answers: depends on a system of chemical reactions to decrease, renal tubules,
phosphates exist in greater concentration
Protein buffer
answers: most plentiful and bind with excess acid and bases, albumin and plasma
protein in vascular system
Chemical buffers kick in first
answers: Respiratory system are second in line (blood level will regulate CO2)
(CO2 with water = carbonic acid)
Lungs
answers: Second line of defense against acid base imbalances
Regulate blood levels of CO2
Chemoreceptors in the medulla vary rate and depth of breathing (sense the change
in pH by changing the rate and depth of breathing)
When CO2 levels drop, pH rises = alkalosis
answers: Chemoreceptors slow down breathing and retaining more acid =
normalizing pH
Twice as effective as the chemical buffers because it can handle twice the acid and
base, can respond in minutes but temporary
Long term = kidneys
BASED ON FINAL EXAM!!
Acid-base balance and Arterial blood gasses
answers: The body always tries to maintain homeostasis: acid and bases
Body produces oxygen and carbon dioxide
Concentration in H ions determines the acidity and basicity
Acid Base balance
answers: Normal - pH is 7.35-7.45
High of acid = Acidosis - pH < 7.35
Low of acid = Alkalosis - pH > 7.45
Clinical setting, clear determination of someone is experiencing either is the ABG
test = pH, pH will determine if the patient is experiencing either one
answers: Balance of H ions and Bicarbonate
Major cellular electrocyte and regulates blood arterial
ABCs of Arterial Blood Gases
answers: pH - 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 - 35-45 mm/Hg
Bicarbonate - 22-26 mEq/ L
PaO2 - 80-100 mm/hg
SaO2 - 95-100%
PaCO2
, answers: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood, tells us how well
the person is breathing, this moves in the opposite of the pH
Respiratory problem (acidosis): pH decreased < 7.35, PaCO2 increased > 45
(retaining CO2, carbonic acid)
answers: Opposite takes place in respiratory alkalosis: pH increased > 7.45,
PaCO2 < 35
PaO2
answers: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
Hypoxemia: decreased levels of oxygen in the arterial blood
answers: → hypoxia: decreased levels of oxygen in the tissue
Signs are they become restless, anxious, tachycardic
Desaturate: O2 sat. is down to 90%... why? We have to see if it is really true
answers: Two beams of light that enter and exit the finger, endirect and use ABG
for a true test
Chemical Buffers
answers: substances that minimize changes in pH
too much acid or base, they come in to neutralize the excess acid or base
have them in our blood, intracellular fluid, and intraretinal fluid
Bicarbonate buffer
, answers: blood and interstitial fluid, decreases the strength of a damaging acid or
base, respiratory and renal systems, kidneys will regulate bicarbonate and lungs
will regulate carbonic acid which results from carbon dioxide and water
Phosphate buffer
answers: depends on a system of chemical reactions to decrease, renal tubules,
phosphates exist in greater concentration
Protein buffer
answers: most plentiful and bind with excess acid and bases, albumin and plasma
protein in vascular system
Chemical buffers kick in first
answers: Respiratory system are second in line (blood level will regulate CO2)
(CO2 with water = carbonic acid)
Lungs
answers: Second line of defense against acid base imbalances
Regulate blood levels of CO2
Chemoreceptors in the medulla vary rate and depth of breathing (sense the change
in pH by changing the rate and depth of breathing)
When CO2 levels drop, pH rises = alkalosis
answers: Chemoreceptors slow down breathing and retaining more acid =
normalizing pH
Twice as effective as the chemical buffers because it can handle twice the acid and
base, can respond in minutes but temporary
Long term = kidneys
