ABS 394 All Quizzes | Questions and Answers

ABS 394 All Quizzes | Questions and Answers All animals need food to survive. What critical biological functions does food serve for an animal? provide energy and cellular building blocks The fetus obtains the necessary building blocks required for its development through: mother's blood supplied by the umbilical cord When does the quality and the completeness of the nutrients we obtain make a difference in our lives? at all stages of life (T/F) Whole eggs have high nutritional value because they contain all the necessary building blocks and the energy supply needed to support the development of an embryo at the very early stages. True Approximately how many cells do we have in our bodies? 100 trillion What component of the cell dictates what the cell is going to do and how it is going to do it? DNA What are organelles? Specialized parts of cells that have unique functions Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the energy the cell uses for its activities? Mitochondria Which one of the below is a biological macromolecule? Proteins Starch and cellulose are examples of: Carbohydrates What is meant by an essential nutrient? Compounds that are required for our normal function but cannot be produced by the body Proteins play a large variety of roles in our bodies. Which of the following is NOT a role proteins have? store genetic information What does the term "cofactor" specifically refer to in cellular/molecular biology? vitamins or minerals that are needed by enzymes to function properly Which three of the following are definitions of health that are discussed in the article by Sartorius? Select all that apply. - State of balance that an individual has established within himself and his environment - State that allows individuals to cope with all demands of life - Absence of any disease or impairment Individuals who are declared healthy today may be found to be diseased tomorrow. More advanced methods of investigations might find signs of a disease that was not diagnosable earlier. True Defining health as being free of any disease or impairment has many shortfalls. Which of the following is NOT one of the main shortfalls? People with clear signs of disease can get medical attention According to the documentary, what are the top four illnesses that can kill you and are linked to diet? Select all that apply. -Diabetes -Cancer -Heart disease -Stroke What three food components are we biologically adapted to crave because they were sparse in nature? Select all that apply. -salt -fat -protein -sugar One of the main reasons corn, soy beans, wheat and rice are so prevalent in our diets today is that they are subsidized by the government which increases their supply and lowers their price. True What is the difference between whole wheat flour and traditional white flour? Whole wheat flour is the complete seed ground up, whereas the white flour contains only the starchy parts of the seed after the bran and the germ are removed How did the food industry try to avoid deficiency diseases caused by nutrient-depleted processed foods they produced? They started adding vitamins back to their products What essential nutrient is less available in seeds compared to green leafy plants? Omega-3 fats What is believed to be the most important factor as the cause of the diabetes and the obesity epidemic we face in the US today? Drinking too many sugar-sweetened beverages What is insulin? What is its primary function? It is a hormone that lowers our blood sugar Why is identifying specific nutrients as good or bad not an effective way for deciding what to eat? The identity of good and bad nutrients keeps changing What are the two main reasons for the decline in the nutritional value of our crops today? -Selection of varieties that grow fast but do not manufacture or uptake nutrients as effectively -Soil depletion as a result of overuse What are some nutrients that were consistently found to be decreased in crops between the years 1950 to late 1990s? Select all that apply. -Calcium -Vitamin C -Protein -Phosphorus -Iron How do most fruit varieties we consume today compare to the older varieties that were available in nature? they contain more sugars Which of the following is the LEAST LIKELY way for getting exposed to significant amount of pesticides? eating organic foods According to the article, which of the health problems has been associated with chronic (long-term) lower-dose exposure to some of these pesticides? Select all that apply. - birth defects - neurological conditions - memory disorders - miscarriage Children are more at risk for adverse health outcomes from pesticide exposure. Why? They are at a vulnerable period of development and eat more than adults relative to their body size Can pesticides effect fetal development? How are the fetuses exposed? Yes, they can through the mother's diet What does bioaccumulation mean in the context of our discussion? accumulation of toxic chemicals in the tissues of animals which are high in the food chain There is some evidence that eating organic foods reduces our pesticide exposure. How was it demonstrated? By examining pesticide residues and byproducts in the urine of children eating organic versus conventional diets Epidemiology is a field of study that: involves the study and analysis of the patterns, causes and effects of health and disease in populations (T/F) Descriptive and correlational studies are very useful because they can give us information about causation, that is, whether one factor is the cause of another. False What type of studies would we have to perform to collect evidence that one factor is the cause of a specific outcome? Experimental What is the main difference between systematic reviews and meta-analyses? they are similar but meta-analyses also include statistical analyses of the available data Why are systematic reviews necessary in better determining cause-effect relationships? systematic reviews can reduce the inherent shortfalls present in individual studies Why are meta-analyses statistically stronger than the analysis of any individual study? Select all that apply. - increased numbers of subjects - greater diversity among subjects - accumulated effects - accumulated results What observations formed the basis of the initial idea that high fat consumption caused heart disease? diets of affluent and working people in Naples Which of the below is NOT a limitation for making strong conclusions about cause-effect relationships from scientific studies on human nutrition? experimentation on model animals is not allowed What is fat (triglyceride) made up of at the molecular level? glycerol and fatty acids What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid in terms of their chemical structures? in saturated fatty acids all carbons in the chain are saturated with hydrogens What is a trans-fat? a type of fat that is formed during production of margarine or shortening What is the main conclusion from the meta-analysis done in 2001 at Harvard regarding total amount of fat consumption and serum cholesterol levels and heart disease? recent dietary guidelines recommend distinguishing different types of fat in diet rather than total amount Which types of fats have been shown to lower the risk of heart disease most effectively? unsaturated fats There is substantial scientific evidence for the effectiveness of diets that are low in fat for weight loss. False The food industry has produced numerous commercial low-fat or fat-free products but with high amounts of refined carbohydrates. As a consequence, we see that: the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes has grown dramatically (T/F) There is a strong correlation between moderate egg consumption and increased risk of heart disease. False Which of the following would NOT be a recommended food item for improving both heart health and blood sugar regulation? refined grains What are some functions of dietary fats? Select all that apply - provide us with energy - help our bodies absorb fat-soluble vitamins What molecular components form a dietary fat molecule? A glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains What is hydrogenation? Reaction of oils with hydrogen to saturate them What critical role does cholesterol play in our cells? maintain cell membranes Which of the following foods have the most trans fats? Margarine or shortening Which of the following has been strongly associated with health problems? Trans fats (T/F) Several meta-analyses concluded that there is no significant correlation between saturated fats and total death or death from heart disease. True What is the likely outcome of replacing saturated fats with simple carbohydrates in diet? Risk of diabetes increases What is starch made up of? Chains of glucose molecules What are the two measurement systems commonly used to indicate how a specific food item will affect the blood sugar levels? - Glycemic index - Glycemic load One of the concerns about consuming high quantities of commercially produced red meat or processed meats is that many of these items contain materials toxic to our bodies. True How many of the amino acids are referred to as essential amino acids? 9 of the 20 Which category of vitamins need to be replenished almost daily in our diets? water-soluble vitamins What is the major difference between vitamins and minerals? Vitamins are organic molecules, whereas minerals are inorganic What does bioavailability mean? the degree to which a substance can be absorbed by the body What are phytonutrients? Various types of compounds produced by plants which have health benefits for humans (T/F) Humans have what is referred to as an incomplete digestive system. False How can some animals digest the cellulose in grass even though they don't produce cellulase? The bacteria in their guts break it down Which enzyme in the human digestive system is the first to start digesting the starches we eat? Amylase What is gastric juice made up of? Select all that apply. - Mucus - Water - Hydrochloric acid - Pepsin What are two functions of the stomach acid? Select all that apply. - Kills most of the bacteria - Helps break food down What is one likely result if our stomachs do not produce enough mucus? We can get peptic ulcers What is the function of the appendix? Acts as a safe house for the gut bacteria What is the approximate size of an average human stomach when it is full? 2 liters How large would be the surface area of the small intestine (small bowel) if completely unfolded? size of a tennis court What is the primary function of the blood vessels lining the small intestinal wall? Pick up digested nutrients through the intestinal wall What is the main function of the blood vessels lining th e walls of the colon (large intestine)? Absorb the water back into the body Which of the following enzymes are not produced by most animal bodies? Cellulase Which organisms themselves produce the enzyme that can break down cellulose? Many bacteria What is one behavioral characteristic of herbivores that is related to their own fecal matter? They ingest their fecal matter to further absorb nutrients How does the overall length of the digestive system of a carnivore compare to that of an herbivore? Carnivores have shorter digestive systems than herbivores In what ways does our digestive system communicate with our brains? through hormones in the bloodstream and through the enteric nervous system What is the main force that moves food down our esophagus into our stomachs when we swallow food? Peristalsis Where is the enteric nervous system (ENS) located? from esophagus to anus Which of the following is generally NOT considered to be part of our microbiota? microscopic plants What health conditions have been linked to our microbiome (microbiota)? Select all that apply. - obesity - autoimmune diseases - anxiety and depression - allergies - asthma What factors influence the exact composition of a person's microbiome (microbiota)? Select all that apply. - what you touch - where you live - how you were born - what you eat How do babies FIRST acquire their microbiota? during birth Around what age does the microbiota start to resemble that of adults? within the first 2-5 years What physiological functions in humans are known to be influenced by light and dark? Select all that apply. - activity level - metabolic rate