NSG 530 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST UPDATED
VERSIONS (EXAM 1,2,3 &4) COMPLETE EXAM REAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS (FULL
REVISED EXAM) |ALREADY GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW!!)
What is a protective and complex phenomenon composed of sensory experiences
(time, space, intensity), emotion, cognition, and motivation? - ANSWER: Pain
Portion of the nervous system responsible for sensation and perception of pain can
be divided into 3 areas: - ANSWER: A: Afferent pathways B interpretive centers in the
brainstem, midbrain & diencephalon C: descending pathways from the brain to the
dorsal horn of spinal cord.
Nociceptors are pain receptors that detect a wide range of stimuli and respond to: -
ANSWER: Chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimulation
The afferent system is: - ANSWER: Composed of nociceptors the dorsal horn of the
spinal column (second-order neurons) and afferent neurons in the Aδ and C fibers
(first-order neurons);spinothalamic tract (third-order neurons).
Myelinated Aδ receptor transmission is - ANSWER: Fast and conveys mechanical and
thermal localized pain.
Unmyelinated polymodal C fiber transmission is: - ANSWER: Slower and conveys
sharp, diffuse burning and aching sensations
Three classes of second-order neurons modulate pain transmission: - ANSWER:
projection cells, excitatory interneurons and inhibitory interneurons.
The second-order neurons are located: - ANSWER: in the spinal cord laminae
The second-order neurons function as - ANSWER: a pain gate to regulate pain
transmission.
Second-order neurons cross over the cord and ascend primarily in - ANSWER: the
lateral the spinothalamic tract to projection centers including the thalamus reticular
formation, and PAG matter.
Third-order neurons carry information to the - ANSWER: sensory cortex and reticular
and limbic systems for pain processing and interpretation.
The thalamus cortex, and postcentral gyrus perceive, describe, and localize: -
ANSWER: Pain
, The reticular formation and limbic system control the - ANSWER: emotional and
affective response to pain.
The higher brain centers also can - ANSWER: influence painful stimuli
(heterosegmental control of nociception) as well as inhibition from the caudal
medulla (diffuse noxious inhibitory controls).
Thus pain can be modulated with: - ANSWER: Stimulation from the periphery or by
descending impulses from the brain
Cognitive expectation can attenuate or intensify pain and this is known as the: -
ANSWER: Placebo and nocebo effects.
Endogenous opioids are a family of morphine-like neuropeptides that inhibit
transmission of pain by acting on: - ANSWER: specific opiod receptors (mu [μ] kappa
[κ], and delta [δ]).
Classifications of pain include - ANSWER: A: nociceptive pain (with a known
physiologic cause)
B: nonnociceptive pain (neuropathic pain)
Acute pain - ANSWER: signal to the person of a harmful stimulus
Chronic pain - ANSWER: Persistence of pain of unknown cause or unusual response
to therapy.
Acute pain may be - ANSWER: (a) somatic (superficial)
(b) visceral (internal)
(c) referred (present in an area distant from its origin).
Somatic pain arises from - ANSWER: connective tissue, muscle, bone, and skin and is
sharp and localized.
Visceral pain is from - ANSWER: internal organs and is transmitted by sympathetic
afferents and is poorly localized.
Referred pain usually arises from the viscera and terminates - ANSWER: in an area of
the spinal cord that is conjoined with fibers originating in the skin and other areas
and thereby produces the perception of pain at the referred site.
Physiologic responses to acute pain include - ANSWER: increased heart rate,
respiratory rate, and blood pressure; pallor or flushing; dilated pupils; and
diaphoresis. Blood glucose level is elevated; gastric secretion and motility are
decreased; and blood flow to the viscera and skin is decreased.
VERSIONS (EXAM 1,2,3 &4) COMPLETE EXAM REAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS (FULL
REVISED EXAM) |ALREADY GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW!!)
What is a protective and complex phenomenon composed of sensory experiences
(time, space, intensity), emotion, cognition, and motivation? - ANSWER: Pain
Portion of the nervous system responsible for sensation and perception of pain can
be divided into 3 areas: - ANSWER: A: Afferent pathways B interpretive centers in the
brainstem, midbrain & diencephalon C: descending pathways from the brain to the
dorsal horn of spinal cord.
Nociceptors are pain receptors that detect a wide range of stimuli and respond to: -
ANSWER: Chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimulation
The afferent system is: - ANSWER: Composed of nociceptors the dorsal horn of the
spinal column (second-order neurons) and afferent neurons in the Aδ and C fibers
(first-order neurons);spinothalamic tract (third-order neurons).
Myelinated Aδ receptor transmission is - ANSWER: Fast and conveys mechanical and
thermal localized pain.
Unmyelinated polymodal C fiber transmission is: - ANSWER: Slower and conveys
sharp, diffuse burning and aching sensations
Three classes of second-order neurons modulate pain transmission: - ANSWER:
projection cells, excitatory interneurons and inhibitory interneurons.
The second-order neurons are located: - ANSWER: in the spinal cord laminae
The second-order neurons function as - ANSWER: a pain gate to regulate pain
transmission.
Second-order neurons cross over the cord and ascend primarily in - ANSWER: the
lateral the spinothalamic tract to projection centers including the thalamus reticular
formation, and PAG matter.
Third-order neurons carry information to the - ANSWER: sensory cortex and reticular
and limbic systems for pain processing and interpretation.
The thalamus cortex, and postcentral gyrus perceive, describe, and localize: -
ANSWER: Pain
, The reticular formation and limbic system control the - ANSWER: emotional and
affective response to pain.
The higher brain centers also can - ANSWER: influence painful stimuli
(heterosegmental control of nociception) as well as inhibition from the caudal
medulla (diffuse noxious inhibitory controls).
Thus pain can be modulated with: - ANSWER: Stimulation from the periphery or by
descending impulses from the brain
Cognitive expectation can attenuate or intensify pain and this is known as the: -
ANSWER: Placebo and nocebo effects.
Endogenous opioids are a family of morphine-like neuropeptides that inhibit
transmission of pain by acting on: - ANSWER: specific opiod receptors (mu [μ] kappa
[κ], and delta [δ]).
Classifications of pain include - ANSWER: A: nociceptive pain (with a known
physiologic cause)
B: nonnociceptive pain (neuropathic pain)
Acute pain - ANSWER: signal to the person of a harmful stimulus
Chronic pain - ANSWER: Persistence of pain of unknown cause or unusual response
to therapy.
Acute pain may be - ANSWER: (a) somatic (superficial)
(b) visceral (internal)
(c) referred (present in an area distant from its origin).
Somatic pain arises from - ANSWER: connective tissue, muscle, bone, and skin and is
sharp and localized.
Visceral pain is from - ANSWER: internal organs and is transmitted by sympathetic
afferents and is poorly localized.
Referred pain usually arises from the viscera and terminates - ANSWER: in an area of
the spinal cord that is conjoined with fibers originating in the skin and other areas
and thereby produces the perception of pain at the referred site.
Physiologic responses to acute pain include - ANSWER: increased heart rate,
respiratory rate, and blood pressure; pallor or flushing; dilated pupils; and
diaphoresis. Blood glucose level is elevated; gastric secretion and motility are
decreased; and blood flow to the viscera and skin is decreased.
