NSG 530 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST UPDATED
VERSIONS (EXAM 1,2,3 &4) COMPLETE EXAM REAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS (FULL
REVISED EXAM) |ALREADY GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW!!)
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - ANSWER: A
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - ANSWER: A
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - ANSWER: C
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional
correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - ANSWER: B
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - ANSWER: C
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - ANSWER: B
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
,a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - ANSWER: D
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition
because of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - ANSWER: B
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation - ANSWER: C
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - ANSWER: B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and
is preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to
form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead
to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation factor.
Mast cells release the contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other
mediators of inflammation among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type
involved in phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways
converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V - ANSWER: C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic
pathways that converge only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor
have on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - ANSWER: A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte function. Binding
to H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or termination of the
inflammatory process.
,Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what
fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - ANSWER: C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many
different cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in an antagonistic
fashion. For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors, with stimulation
of H1 receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil chemotaxis and H2
stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not act synergistically,
additively, or agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - ANSWER: D.
Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of vascular
smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and by suppressing mast cell
function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO does not increase
capillary permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet
aggregation, or cause smooth muscle contraction and fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - ANSWER: D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released by virally
infected cells in response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-α and
IFN-β induce the production of antiviral proteins, thereby conferring protection on
uninfected cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from virally infected cells and attaches to
a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance the efficiency of developing an
acquired immune response. IL-1 is a proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a
critical role in wound healing. TNF has several systemic effects but is not released
from virally infected host cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
b. Microorganisms are killed and digested.
c. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. - ANSWER: D. Small pseudopods
that extend from the plasma membrane and surround the adherent microorganism,
forming an intracellular phagocytic vacuole or phagosome, carry out engulfment
(endocytosis). The membrane that surrounds the phagosome consists of inverted
plasma membrane. After the formation of the phagosome, lysosomes converge, fuse
with the phagosome, and discharge their contents, creating a phagolysosome.
, When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant
complications, what is the process of returning the cells to preinjury function
referred to as?
a. Restoration
b. Resolution
c. Regrowth
d. Replacement - ANSWER: B If damage is minor with no complications and
destroyed tissues are capable of regeneration, then returning the injured tissues to
an approximation of their original structure and physiologic function is possible. This
restoration is called resolution. Resolution is the restoration of the original tissue
structure and function. Regrowth and replacement are not part of resolution.
How does the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex function?
a. Communicating information about the antigen to the helper T cell
b. Secreting chemical signals to communicate between cells
c. Releasing histamine and other vasoactive substances
d. Communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus - ANSWER: D.
The role of the BCR is to recognize the antigen; however, unlike circulating
antibodies, the receptor must communicate that information to the cell's nucleus.
The BCR does not communicate information about the antigen to the helper T cell or
secrete chemical signals to communicate between cells. The release of histamine
and other vasoactive substances is part of inflammation, not adaptive immunity.
When antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system, how
are the blood cells destroyed?
a. Complement-mediated cell lysis
b. Phagocytosis by macrophages
c. Phagocytosis in the spleen
d. Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products - ANSWER: C Antibodies against
platelet-specific antigens or against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system coat
those cells at low density, resulting in their preferential removal by phagocytosis in
the spleen, rather than by complement-mediated lysis. These blood cells are not
destroyed by complement-mediated cell lysis, phagocytosis by macrophages,
neutrophil granules, or toxic oxygen products
When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, what is tissue
damage a result of?
a. Complement-mediated cell lysis
b. Phagocytosis by macrophages
c. Phagocytosis in the spleen
d. Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products - ANSWER: D. Of the options
available, only the components of neutrophil granules as well as the several toxic
oxygen products produced by these cells, damage the tissue.
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity
reaction?
a. Modulation
VERSIONS (EXAM 1,2,3 &4) COMPLETE EXAM REAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS (FULL
REVISED EXAM) |ALREADY GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW!!)
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - ANSWER: A
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - ANSWER: A
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - ANSWER: C
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional
correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - ANSWER: B
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - ANSWER: C
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - ANSWER: B
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
,a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - ANSWER: D
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition
because of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - ANSWER: B
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation - ANSWER: C
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - ANSWER: B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and
is preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to
form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead
to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation factor.
Mast cells release the contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other
mediators of inflammation among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type
involved in phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways
converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V - ANSWER: C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic
pathways that converge only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor
have on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - ANSWER: A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte function. Binding
to H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or termination of the
inflammatory process.
,Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what
fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - ANSWER: C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many
different cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in an antagonistic
fashion. For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors, with stimulation
of H1 receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil chemotaxis and H2
stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not act synergistically,
additively, or agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - ANSWER: D.
Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of vascular
smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and by suppressing mast cell
function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO does not increase
capillary permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet
aggregation, or cause smooth muscle contraction and fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - ANSWER: D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released by virally
infected cells in response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-α and
IFN-β induce the production of antiviral proteins, thereby conferring protection on
uninfected cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from virally infected cells and attaches to
a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance the efficiency of developing an
acquired immune response. IL-1 is a proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a
critical role in wound healing. TNF has several systemic effects but is not released
from virally infected host cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
b. Microorganisms are killed and digested.
c. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. - ANSWER: D. Small pseudopods
that extend from the plasma membrane and surround the adherent microorganism,
forming an intracellular phagocytic vacuole or phagosome, carry out engulfment
(endocytosis). The membrane that surrounds the phagosome consists of inverted
plasma membrane. After the formation of the phagosome, lysosomes converge, fuse
with the phagosome, and discharge their contents, creating a phagolysosome.
, When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant
complications, what is the process of returning the cells to preinjury function
referred to as?
a. Restoration
b. Resolution
c. Regrowth
d. Replacement - ANSWER: B If damage is minor with no complications and
destroyed tissues are capable of regeneration, then returning the injured tissues to
an approximation of their original structure and physiologic function is possible. This
restoration is called resolution. Resolution is the restoration of the original tissue
structure and function. Regrowth and replacement are not part of resolution.
How does the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex function?
a. Communicating information about the antigen to the helper T cell
b. Secreting chemical signals to communicate between cells
c. Releasing histamine and other vasoactive substances
d. Communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus - ANSWER: D.
The role of the BCR is to recognize the antigen; however, unlike circulating
antibodies, the receptor must communicate that information to the cell's nucleus.
The BCR does not communicate information about the antigen to the helper T cell or
secrete chemical signals to communicate between cells. The release of histamine
and other vasoactive substances is part of inflammation, not adaptive immunity.
When antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system, how
are the blood cells destroyed?
a. Complement-mediated cell lysis
b. Phagocytosis by macrophages
c. Phagocytosis in the spleen
d. Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products - ANSWER: C Antibodies against
platelet-specific antigens or against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system coat
those cells at low density, resulting in their preferential removal by phagocytosis in
the spleen, rather than by complement-mediated lysis. These blood cells are not
destroyed by complement-mediated cell lysis, phagocytosis by macrophages,
neutrophil granules, or toxic oxygen products
When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, what is tissue
damage a result of?
a. Complement-mediated cell lysis
b. Phagocytosis by macrophages
c. Phagocytosis in the spleen
d. Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products - ANSWER: D. Of the options
available, only the components of neutrophil granules as well as the several toxic
oxygen products produced by these cells, damage the tissue.
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity
reaction?
a. Modulation
