PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 NEWEST COMPLETE REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
WITH EXPLANATIONS (CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS) A
NEW UPDATED VERSION | GUARANTEED PASS.
Fibromyalgia - ANSWER: Syndrome of chronic widespread diffuse muscle pain in all
four quadrants, with fatigue, and tender points. Increased sensitivity to touch, risk
factors of anxiety, stress and depression. 11 of 18 tender points required for
diagnosis.
Myofascial Pain syndrome - ANSWER: Syndrome with regions of tender to palpation
with a characteristic and reproducible referred pain pattern. Have the presence of
taut bands in the musculature.
Osteoarthritis - ANSWER: Disorder of bone characterized by: degeneration, loss and
damage of articular cartilage, inflammation, bone formation at joint margins of
osteophytes, subchondral bone changes. The prevalence of this disease increases
with age. May have enlargement of the joints with characteristic "Heberden" and
"Bouchard" nodes in hands.
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWER: Chronic inflammatory autoimmune joint disease.
Systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue, primarily in the joints (synovial
membrane). Infectious agent or offending event triggers an autoimmune response.
Affects or involves multiple joints symmetrically. Systemic manifestations and
extraarticular manifestations of numerous tissues and organs.
Osteomyelitis - ANSWER: Infection often caused by bacteria, usually Staphylococcus
aureus. May also be from streptococcus, pneumococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa,
escherichia coli, tuberculosis bacterium.
Gout - ANSWER: Inflammatory response to excessive quantities of uric acid, in Blood
(hyperuicemia) or other body fluids, including synovial fluid. Acute, monoarticular,
inflammatory arthritis.
Paget's disease - ANSWER: Disease of excessive bone resorption and excessive and
unorganized bone formation. Due to over activity of osteoclasts, abnormal activity of
osteoblasts. Enlarged, sclerotic bone but significantly weakened.
Osteosarcoma - ANSWER: Primary malignant tumor of bone. More common in males
under 20 years. Secondary peak in persons greater than 50 and older. Located in the
metaphysics of long bones.
Ewing's sarcoma - ANSWER: Malignant, nonosteogenic tumor. Cells of neural origin.
Highly malignant bone tumor arising from neuroectodermal cells. Most common in
, individuals less than 20 years of age. Often diaphysis of long bones (particularly
femur, tibia, fibula, and humerus) and bones of the pelvis.
Multiple Myeloma - ANSWER: A cancer of plasma cells housed in the bone marrow.
These cancerous plasma cells make abnormal proteins (antibodies) such as
monoclonal immunoglobulin, monoclonal proteins, or paraproteins. Often
asymptomatic, may have mild fever, night sweats, weakness, and weight loss. Bone
pain, especially back pain (most common symptom).
Ligament injury (Grade 1 mild) - ANSWER: Some stretching or tearing of the
ligamentous fibers, mild pain little or no swelling, some joint stiffness, minimal loss
of structural integrity.
Ligament injury (Grade 2 moderate) - ANSWER: Some tearing and separation of the
ligamentous fibers. Moderate to severe pain, joint stiffness, significant structural
weakening with abnormal motion, often associated with hemarthrosis.
Ligament injury (Grade 3 complete) - ANSWER: Total rupture of the ligament. Severe
pain initially followed by little or no pain (total disruption of nerve fibers), profuse
swelling and cruising, loss of structural integrity with marked abnormal motion.
Muscle injury (first degree, mild) - ANSWER: Minimal structural damage; minimal
hemorrhage; early resolution.
Muscle injury (second degree, moderate) - ANSWER: Partial tear; large spectrum of
injury; significant early functional loss.
Muscle injury (third degree, severe) - ANSWER: Complete tear; may require
aspiration; may require surgery.
Estrogen - ANSWER: Inhibits osteoclastic activity. Loss of this hormone relates to
decreased inhibition of osteoclasts, therefore increasing osteoclastic activity.
Increased risk in postmenopausal women to develop osteopenia or osteoporosis
secondary to decreased production of this hormone.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - ANSWER: Mobilizes bone resorption to increase blood
calcium levels; causes resorption of bone by increasing the activity of osteoclasts;
causes the kidney to increase calcium absorption. Stimulates the release of calcium
from large calcium stores in the bones into the bloodstream. This increases bone
destruction and decreases the formation of the new bone.
Calcitonin - ANSWER: Inhibits bone respiration via direct action on osteoclasts. This
hormone decreases calcium levels in the blood by blocking the breakdown of bone
calcium and by preventing your kidneys from reabsorbing calcium. In other words, it
encourages calcium loss through your kidneys.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
WITH EXPLANATIONS (CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS) A
NEW UPDATED VERSION | GUARANTEED PASS.
Fibromyalgia - ANSWER: Syndrome of chronic widespread diffuse muscle pain in all
four quadrants, with fatigue, and tender points. Increased sensitivity to touch, risk
factors of anxiety, stress and depression. 11 of 18 tender points required for
diagnosis.
Myofascial Pain syndrome - ANSWER: Syndrome with regions of tender to palpation
with a characteristic and reproducible referred pain pattern. Have the presence of
taut bands in the musculature.
Osteoarthritis - ANSWER: Disorder of bone characterized by: degeneration, loss and
damage of articular cartilage, inflammation, bone formation at joint margins of
osteophytes, subchondral bone changes. The prevalence of this disease increases
with age. May have enlargement of the joints with characteristic "Heberden" and
"Bouchard" nodes in hands.
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANSWER: Chronic inflammatory autoimmune joint disease.
Systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue, primarily in the joints (synovial
membrane). Infectious agent or offending event triggers an autoimmune response.
Affects or involves multiple joints symmetrically. Systemic manifestations and
extraarticular manifestations of numerous tissues and organs.
Osteomyelitis - ANSWER: Infection often caused by bacteria, usually Staphylococcus
aureus. May also be from streptococcus, pneumococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa,
escherichia coli, tuberculosis bacterium.
Gout - ANSWER: Inflammatory response to excessive quantities of uric acid, in Blood
(hyperuicemia) or other body fluids, including synovial fluid. Acute, monoarticular,
inflammatory arthritis.
Paget's disease - ANSWER: Disease of excessive bone resorption and excessive and
unorganized bone formation. Due to over activity of osteoclasts, abnormal activity of
osteoblasts. Enlarged, sclerotic bone but significantly weakened.
Osteosarcoma - ANSWER: Primary malignant tumor of bone. More common in males
under 20 years. Secondary peak in persons greater than 50 and older. Located in the
metaphysics of long bones.
Ewing's sarcoma - ANSWER: Malignant, nonosteogenic tumor. Cells of neural origin.
Highly malignant bone tumor arising from neuroectodermal cells. Most common in
, individuals less than 20 years of age. Often diaphysis of long bones (particularly
femur, tibia, fibula, and humerus) and bones of the pelvis.
Multiple Myeloma - ANSWER: A cancer of plasma cells housed in the bone marrow.
These cancerous plasma cells make abnormal proteins (antibodies) such as
monoclonal immunoglobulin, monoclonal proteins, or paraproteins. Often
asymptomatic, may have mild fever, night sweats, weakness, and weight loss. Bone
pain, especially back pain (most common symptom).
Ligament injury (Grade 1 mild) - ANSWER: Some stretching or tearing of the
ligamentous fibers, mild pain little or no swelling, some joint stiffness, minimal loss
of structural integrity.
Ligament injury (Grade 2 moderate) - ANSWER: Some tearing and separation of the
ligamentous fibers. Moderate to severe pain, joint stiffness, significant structural
weakening with abnormal motion, often associated with hemarthrosis.
Ligament injury (Grade 3 complete) - ANSWER: Total rupture of the ligament. Severe
pain initially followed by little or no pain (total disruption of nerve fibers), profuse
swelling and cruising, loss of structural integrity with marked abnormal motion.
Muscle injury (first degree, mild) - ANSWER: Minimal structural damage; minimal
hemorrhage; early resolution.
Muscle injury (second degree, moderate) - ANSWER: Partial tear; large spectrum of
injury; significant early functional loss.
Muscle injury (third degree, severe) - ANSWER: Complete tear; may require
aspiration; may require surgery.
Estrogen - ANSWER: Inhibits osteoclastic activity. Loss of this hormone relates to
decreased inhibition of osteoclasts, therefore increasing osteoclastic activity.
Increased risk in postmenopausal women to develop osteopenia or osteoporosis
secondary to decreased production of this hormone.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - ANSWER: Mobilizes bone resorption to increase blood
calcium levels; causes resorption of bone by increasing the activity of osteoclasts;
causes the kidney to increase calcium absorption. Stimulates the release of calcium
from large calcium stores in the bones into the bloodstream. This increases bone
destruction and decreases the formation of the new bone.
Calcitonin - ANSWER: Inhibits bone respiration via direct action on osteoclasts. This
hormone decreases calcium levels in the blood by blocking the breakdown of bone
calcium and by preventing your kidneys from reabsorbing calcium. In other words, it
encourages calcium loss through your kidneys.
